第二章-2-土壤质地.pptVIP

第二节 土壤质地 Soil texture 一、土粒和粒级 矿质土粒和有机土粒 单粒和复粒（单粒粘合而成） 土壤矿质颗粒组成 “feels” comparison of sand, silt and clay （二）土壤粒级（soil separates) 常见的土壤粒级制 Physical properties: size, shape and specific surface area 二、土壤机械组成和质地 （一）土壤机械组成 土壤中各粒级的相对百分含量称为土壤机械组成 (二）土壤质地 国际制土壤质地分类 卡庆斯基土壤质地基本分类（简明） Sand texture class Silt texture class Clay texture class Changing Soil Texture Soil texture can be changed only by mixing with another soil with a different textural class Adding peat or compost to a mineral soil is not considered changing the texture Changes in soil texture Over long periods pedologic processes alter soil horizon textures As soils get older sand weathers to silt and silt weathers to clay….therefore old soils have more clay Clay also translocates down in the soil profile Subsoils generally have more clay than topsoils Textural Profile of a soil “Textural Profiles” aid in looking for the clay bulge How is texture determined? In the field: the “feel” method In the lab: sieves and sedimentation Determining Soil Texture - Feel Method 砂土：干时为松散的散沙。不论水分多少均不能搓成球形。 砂壤土：干时易捏碎，湿时可搓成球形，但搓不成细土条。 轻壤土：湿时不仅可搓成球，也可搓成3-5毫米粗的细土条，但拿取即断。手刮时，刮面上有鱼鳞状的大裂纹，刮面粗糙，可见砂粒，手挤不能成薄片，挤出时一节节断掉。 中壤土：干土捏碎后，手摸有面粉感，可搓成细条，当土条弯曲成小圆环时，土壤即多处断裂。手刮时，刮面有一条条细裂缝，手挤能成薄片，但易断。 重壤土：湿时可搓成细土条，并能将细土条弯曲成小圆环而不产生裂缝，或产生一些细小裂缝，将细土条压扁时有裂缝，手刮时，刮面平滑无裂缝，但无光亮。手挤出的薄片条不易断。 粘土：可搓成土条，弯曲或成小圆环时不产生裂缝，将土条压扁时亦不产生裂缝。手刮时，刮面光滑发亮。手挤出的薄片条成卷曲状，薄片面上光滑发亮。 Determining Soil Texture –Hydrometer Method The velocity of settling (V) is proportional to the square of particle diameters (d) Bigger particles settle more quickly Hydrometer method Disperse 50 g of dry soil in water and dilute to 1 L in a glass cylinder Add a dispersing agent. Stir and insert a hydrometer after 30 seconds Read the g of silt and clay in solution on the hydrometer stem after exactly 45 sec Hydrometer method Read the g of clay in solution after 478 min Determine the g of sand and silt by difference 50g – t45sec = g sand T45sec – t478min = g silt 1、砂土类 水分：透水性强，排水通畅；不易保水；不易回