跨文化交际Chapter-2-Kluchhohn#39;s--five-dimentions.pptVIP

Kluchhohn’s dimensions Two American anthropologist s Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck made a very important study of values. They studied the five communities which were within fifty miles of each other. (first in 1936 then in 1951) They identified five orientations, five categories of beliefs and behaviours that are universal. This means that all cultures have to work out solutions to these issues. five dimensions 1. human nature orientation, 2. human-nature orientation, 3. time-orientation, 4. activity orientation, and 5. relational orientation. The Figure? ? Human nature The first: evil but perfectible. The second: mixture of good and evil.? ? And the third: good but corruptible. Shame culture and guilt culture human nature The first: evil but perfectible. The traditional Western belief about human nature is that humans are basically evil. We see this in the Bible story of Adam and Eve. God throws them out of the Garden of Eden because they ate the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge. Since then, according to Christian teaching, all human beings have have been born with original sin. That means they do evil as part of their nature and can only be saved from evil by God. (Perfect human nature by keeping doing good things.) (more) As a result of the rise of humanism in the West, the basic belief has changed to one of seeing humans as a mixture of good and evil. The traditional view has also been incorporated into Western institutions in various ways. The distrust of human nature can be seen in American political institutions with their checks and balances. This view also shows up in modern theories that seem to have nothing to do with religious beliefs. The psychological theories of Sigmund Freud include the idea that infants are controlled by primitive desires (evil) and learn to control them (become good) as their personality develops. The third: good but corruptible. This is what we Chinese believe. Children are believed t