操作系统是最底层的系统软件.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Computer Software Operating System Chapter 3 Computer Software Readings: 3.1 Software Structure 3.2 Device Management and Configuration 3.3 Resource Sharing 3.4 File Systems Assessments: Exercise 3 操作系统是最底层的系统软件，它是对硬件系统功能的首次扩充，也是其它系统软件和应用软件能够在计算机上运行的基础。 操作系统具有五个方面的功能：内存储器管理、处理机管理、设备管理、文件管理和作业管理。 目前大都配置的WINDOWS操作系统有: Windows 98、 Windows 2000、 Windows xp等 － 《OS》中文教材，概述 3.1 Software Structure 3.1.1?Layers of Software Layers and Process Management Software systems are composed of multiple layers One example: sign a credit card slip to pay for dinner at a restaurant – “a meal” the meal was actually composed of several courses. That is a layer of detail the waiter needs to keep track of in order to know what dishes to bring, and in what order. For instance the first course was salad. The details of salad preparation were handled by another layer, the kitchen where do croutons actually come from? Where do flour come from? Where do wheat come from? When you pay for your dinner, you are paying (indirectly) about one thousandth of a cent to that farmer for the wheat in your croutons. And, you are paying several thousand other people who contributed to your meal in various ways. Fortunately, you do not have to pay all those people directly! You make one payment for a meal, and the details are sorted out in the layers below. By organizing the production process into layers that are relatively independent, the entire system can be kept manageable, and great efficiencies can be achieved. In computer science, the principles underlying these benefits are called encapsulation and abstraction. Encapsulation and Abstraction (封装与抽象) Encapsulation means that each layer needs only a limited amount of knowledge to do its job, and none of the other layers has access to that information. The farmer does not know what the wheat will be used for. The bakery does not know how the wheat was harvested. In the software world, encapsulation means that yo