抗生素PPT课件（英文精品）Essential drug concept and the role of WHO in the promotion of rational drug .pptVIP

Essential drug concept and the role of WHO in the promotion of rational drug use Essential drug concept and the role of WHO in the promotion of rational drug use The number of drugs per prescription varies from 1.3 to 4.3 per primary care encounters Over-prescribing is costly - and spending on child health is highly cost sensitive 30 to 60 % of PHC patients treated with antibiotics- perhaps twice what is clinically needed Resistance to common pathogens is everywhere on the rise - S. pneumonia Up to 56 % of primary care patients receive injections - over 90% may be medically unnecessary Unsafe injection is a major health hazard - factors are overuse of injections, re-use without sterilisation, contamination Infections attributable to unsafe injection % of cases* Annual number Paediatric (all ages) (millions) rates* Hepatitis B 33 % 21.6 34-61 % Hepatitis C 42% 2.0 up to 68% HIV 2% 0.1 Irrational use of drugs is a widespread hazard to health - other examples 25-75% antibiotics in teaching hospitals are inappropriate over 2/3 of antibiotics without prescription in many countries 90% of consumers buy 3-days supply of antibiotics or less private providers use 80 different TB regimens 50% of people worldwide fail to take medicines correctly Essential drug concept and the role of WHO in the promotion of rational drug use Standard treatment guidelines (STGs) - reduce ARI mortality when effectively implemented Injection use in Indonesia has been dramatically reduced through a combination of interventions Antimalarial treatment in Kenya has become more prompt and appropriate through shopkeeper training Actions to improve use of medicines - consider effectiveness and feasibility (Health Policy Planning, 2001) Recommended approaches Standard treatment guidelines Essential drugs list based on treatments of choice Hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committees Problem-based pharmacotherapy training Problem-based in-service