抗生素英文课件精品Preventionof Infection Epidemiology Infection .pptVIP

Prevention of Infection 1Epidemiology Infection Control Professor Mark Pallen Overview Sources of infection Transmission of Infection Patterns of Infection Outbreaks Epidemiological typing Infection Control General Principles: Hospital Community Who’s who Hospital-acquired infection Syndromes Rogues’ gallery Control of Cross-Infection Risks from Hospital Staff Final words Sources of infectionWhere do patients get their infections from...?…in the community Sources of infectionWhere do patients get their infections from...?…in the hospital Transmission of InfectionDefinitions of terms by example Salmonella gastro-enteritis Reservoir more commonly animal gut flora less commonly human cases carriers Source or Vehicle food from affected animals contaminated food Transmission of InfectionDefinitions of terms by example S. aureus wound infection Reservoir Human nose skin Source or Vehicle Hands of health care workers Patterns of InfectionDefinitions Sporadic rare infections, occurring now and then, without any particular pattern e.g. gas gangrene, or Strep. pyogenes wound infections Epidemic A sudden unexpected rise in number of infections caused by a particular pathogen Can range from the small scale e.g. a few individuals up to nationwide, e.g. the BSE epidemic in UK Patterns of InfectionDefinitions Outbreak commonly used to mean a limited epidemic, e.g. in a hospital ward Pandemic a world-wide epidemic e.g. HIV or influenza Endemic implies a constant significant number of infections indefinitely e.g. methicillin-resistant S. aureus is endemic to many hospitals Patterns of InfectionExamples Outbreaks Epidemiological typing Why type organisms? do you have an outbreak or just an increase in endemic or sporadic infection?? e.g. S. aureus infections in surgical unit identification of the source or extent of outbreak may have legal importance, e.g. close down restaurant identification of more virulent strains, Typing methods show whether isola