骨科学习课件.pptVIP

Osteoarthritis Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, and sometimes an effusion.  症状包括关节疼痛、压痛、僵硬、 有时有积液。 Stiffness [stifnis] n.僵硬;生硬 A variety of causes—hereditary, developmental, metabolic, and mechanical—may initiate processes leading to loss of cartilage . 遗传、发育、代谢和机械等各种因素均有可能影响软骨损伤 的过程。 Hereditary [h?‘r?d?,t?r?] ?a.遗传的 When bone surfaces become less well protected by cartilage, bone may be exposed and damaged. As a result of decreased movement secondary to pain, regional muscles may atrophy, and ligaments may become more lax. 当骨表面的软骨保护不良时，骨面就会暴露损伤。导致少量活动就会引起继发性疼痛、区域肌肉萎缩以及韧带松弛。 Atrophy [‘?tr?f?] n. 萎缩;发育停止;虚脱 Lax [l?ks] a. 松弛的;质地松的 Causes Some investigators believe that mechanical stress on joints underlies all osteoarthritis, with many and varied sources of mechanical stress, including misalignments of bones caused by congenital or pathogenic causes; mechanical injury; overweight; loss of strength in muscles supporting joints; and impairment of peripheral nerves, leading to sudden or uncoordinated movements that overstress joints. 一些研究者认为，关节上各种机械应力包括先天的和病原造成的移位是基于退行性关节炎的；机械损伤，超重，维持关节的肌肉的损害和末梢神经的损害导致突发的或者不协调的移动，加重关节承载。 Misalignment [mis?la?nm?nt] n.移位 pathogenic [,p?θ?d??n?k] a. 致病的 病原的 Peripheral [p?r?f?r ?l] a. 体表的;(神经)末梢的 epidemiology A number of studies have shown that there is a greater prevalence of the disease among siblings and especially identical twins, indicating a hereditary basis.大量研究表明：兄弟姐妹尤其是同卵双胞胎之间疾病普遍存在，这是遗传的基础。 sibling [ ‘s i b l i ? ] n.兄弟姐妹 identical twins 同卵双胞胎 Signs and symptoms The main symptom is pain, causing loss of ability and often stiffness. OA can cause a crackling noise when the affected joint is moved or touched, and patients may experience muscle spasm and contractions in the tendons. Occasionally, the joints may also