抗生素药理学（英文PPT） Pharmacology of the Antibiotics课件.ppt

The Tetracyclines Drug-Drug Interactions Penicillin- if taken with tetracyclines, will decrease the effectiveness of penicillin. Oral contraceptives- if taken with tetracycline, will have decreased effectiveness. Digoxin- digoxin toxicity rises when tetracyclines are used together The Tetracyclines Drug-Food Interaction Dairy products- can complex with tetracycline and render unabsorbable. Tetracyclines should then be given on an EMPTY stomach 1 hour before meals or 2-3 hours after any meal or other medications. The Fluoroquinolones The fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics. They are usually manufactured synthetically and are associated with mild adverse reactions. The examples are: 1. Nalidixic acid 2. ciprofloxacin 3. ofloxacin 4. norfloxacin 5.Levfofloxacin 6.Sparfloxacin The Fluoroquinolones Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of action of the Fluoroquinolones These agents enter the bacterial cell by diffusion through cell channel. Once inside they interfere with the action of DNA enzymes (DNA gyrase) necessary for the growth and reproduction of the bacteria. This will lead to cell death. The Fluoroquinolones Contraindications and Precautions Pregnancy and lactation are also contraindications. These agents are found to cause significant damage to the cartilages such that they are given cautiously to growing children and adolescents less than 18 years of age The Fluoroquinolones Adverse Effects of the Fluoroquinolones CNS- dizziness, insomnia, headache, and depression related to possible effects on the CNS membrane. GI system- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and dry mouth related to the direct effect on the GIT Hema- bone marrow depression related to the direct effect of the drug on the cells of the bone marrow that rapidly turn over. Other effects- skin reactions, rash, fever and photosensitivity Sulfonamides The following are the sulfonamides: 1. Sulfazalazine 2. Sulfamethoxazole 3. Sulfadiazine 4. Sulfixoxazole Sulfonamides Pharmacodynamics The sulfa d