社会学理论的结构特纳第17章中英对照课件.ppt

第17章 行为主义交换理论:霍曼斯 霍曼斯(George G. Romans , 1910-1989 )在反对列维一斯特劳斯交表婚姻模式的结构主义分析时，第一次提出了他的交换论思想。在同大卫·施奈德(David Schneider)的合作中，霍曼斯产生了后来在其著作中成为主要命题的思想:(1)对各种形式的功能主义理论持怀疑的态度;(2)强调心理学的原则是社会理论的公理;(3)全神贯注于交换理论概念。①霍曼斯和施奈德在评价列维一斯特劳斯的交换功能主义时，几乎对列维-斯特劳斯的所有理论都加以反对。第一，他们反对将间接的、一般化的交换的不同形式概念化。把交换“概念”化时，列维一斯特劳斯就“将交换的意义淡化了”。第二，列维一斯特劳斯认为，各种交换形式在象征意义上重申并整合了各类社会组织，这是值得怀疑的，因为“制度之所以成为制度，是因为有社会中个体或能次群体的推动或满足他们当下的需求”。②反对列维一斯特劳斯理论的结果，就是霍曼斯和施奈德所论述的:交换理论必须首先强调面对面的互动，主要关注个体之间有限而直接的交换，并且认识到个体的行为创造并且维持了社会结构。 17.Behavioristic Exchange Theory:George C.Homans George Homanss (1910-1989) exchange scheme first surfaced in a polemical reaction to Claude Levi-Strausss structural analysis of crosscousin marriage patterns. In collaboration with David Schneider,Homans previewed what become prominent themes in his writings: (1) a skeptical view of any form of functional theorizing, (2) an emphasis on psychological principles as the axioms of social theory, and (3) a preoccupation with exchange-theoretic concepts. In their assessment of Levi-Strausss exchange functionalism, Homans and Schneider took exception to virtually all that made Levi-Strausss theory 。First, they rejected the conceptualization of different forms of indirect, generalized exchange. In so conceptualizing exchange, Levi-Strauss thinned the meaning out of it. Second, Levi-Strausss position that different forms of exchange symbolically reaffirm and integrate different patterns of social organization was questioned, for an institution is what it is because it results from the drives, or meets the immediate needs, of individuals or subgroups within a society. The result of this rejection of Levi Strausss thought was that Homans and Schneider argued that exchange theory must initially emphasize face-to-face interaction, focus primarily on limited and direct exchanges among individuals, and recognize that social structures are created and sustained by the behaviors of individuals. 随着对人类学传统的批判，霍曼斯打着心理行为主义的旗号复兴了功利主义对个体自身利益的关注