RESEARCH METHODS THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF WAR的研究方法战争的政治经济.pptVIP

RESEARCH METHODS Research Methods: Procedures designed to establish facts about the social world. Please Note: This section is not from the book. Take Notes. SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE Tradition: Received Wisdom, part of cultural heritage; Common sense, “gut feeling” Authority: Speaking as a result of status as “expert” Guard against, the “expert” speaking outside his or her Area of expertise. The “expert” is not infallible. Personal Experience: It must be true because “I experienced” such and so. VERSUS SCIENCE Systematic+ Logical framework+ Empirical Evidence+ Falsification A system of checks and balances to extract truth. Fallacies of Thinking 1. Inaccurate Observation Casual versus systematic Observation Using instruments that guard against inaccuracy 2. Over-generalization One or a few cases is representative of the whole Choose large sample, randomly; replicate study 3.Selective Observation Observation that fits in with your biases 4.Ecological Fallacy (Ecological refers to things bigger than the individual, like groups and systems) Concluding what is characteristic of a group is characteristic of every single individual 5.Reductionism Explaining a variety of complex events or behaviors by a single or narrow set of causes E.g.: Psychiatric Reductionism Scientific Generalizing VS Stereotype Scientific Generalizing is: Systematic Logical Empirical Falsifiable Stereotyping is: Casual Doesn’t guard against fallacies of thinking. Types of Research 1. Cross Sectional Covers the entire spectrum at one point in time. E.g. US Census Data 2. Longitudinal Studies changes in a population over time Trend Studies: Changes in the population over time Cohort: Changes in a cohort (sub population over time. Panel Studies: Changes in the same sample of the population (the panel) over time. Quantitative VS Qualitative I. Quantitative: measuring with numbers Used in the Positivistic school in sociology: A school that seeks scientific measurement to extract laws ab