Technical Article Environmental Expert The Environmental 技术文章的环境专家的环境.docVIP

 Document Ref: 0501006-text-RevB Status: Revised final draft Company: Elsevier Science Ltd. Issue Date: 10 February 2006 Copy Date: 10 February 2006 Publication: Filtration+SeparationIssue: March 2006 Word Count: 2500 Counting the whole life cycle cost of pure water production Anthony Bennett In this article we define various grades of pure water, review technologies available for its production, and describe two systems where various process combinations have been used to generate pure water for pharmaceutical and power generation applications. We ask Dr John Hutcheson, a specialist consultant in pure water systems, what costs are involved in pure water production and what technologies can be utilised. We see how double pass reverse osmosis (RO) is being used to deionise raw water for feeding on to electro-deionisation (EDI) or mixed bed ion exchange (MBIX). We describe additional treatment by UV for disinfection and TOC reduction and conclude with thoughts on the critical importance of investing in developing the right process solution so that whole life cycle costs can be minimised. Classification Five grades of pure water are available as defined by various standards and conventions, which are summarised in Table 1. Each type of pure water is used in a number of applications that include: deionised water – medium pressure boilers, renal dialysis, battery top-up; purified water – pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, chemical manufacturing; apyrogenic water – vial washing, tissue culture, water for injections; high purity water – high pressure boilers, laboratories; ultra-pure water – micro electronics, supercritical boilers. Technologies Membranes With a resistivity of 0.05 Megohm.cm, equating to a conductivity of 20 μS/cm (conductivity = 1/resistivity), deionised water can be easily produced using single pass reverse osmosis (RO). Ultra filtration (UF) or microfiltration (MF) technology can be effectively used as a pre-treatment for RO depending on the nature