Chapter 12 Light scattering (determination of MW without …12章光散射没有分子量的测定….pptVIP

Chapter 12. Light scattering (determination of MW without calibration) * Electromagnetic radiation ? ???? ????? ?? ? ?? ??: transmission: transmitted radiation passes through the medium unaltered. absorption: energy from the incident beam is taken up, resulting in: (1)heating, (2) re-emitting at another wavelength (fluorescence, phosphorescence), (3)supporting chemical reactions. * In this discussion, we assume that radiation heating is negligible. Other absorption effects are specific to the particular medium, and will also not be considered here. scattering: scattering is non-specific, meaning the incident radiation is entirely re-emitted in all direction with essentially no change in wavelength. Scattering results simply from the optical inhomogeneity of the medium. reflection: scattering at the surface of a matter (not considered here) Now we focus on the light scattering. Application of Light Scattering for Analysis Classical Light Scattering (CLS) or Static Light Scattering (SLS) Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS, QELS, PCS) CLS ??: Scattering center = small volumes of material that scatters light. ?: individual molecule in a gas. Consequences of the interaction of the beam with the scattering center: depends, among other things, on the ratio of the size of the scattering center to the incident wavelength (λo). Our primary interest is the case where the radius of the scattering center, a, is much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light (a 0.05λo, less than 5% of λo). This condition is satisfied by dissolved polymer coils of moderate molar mass radiated by VISIBLE light. When the oscillating electric field of the incident beam interacts with the scattering center, it induces a synchronous oscillating dipole, which re-emits the electromagnetic energy in all directions. Scattering under these circumstances is called Rayleigh scattering. The light which is not scattered is transmitted: , where Is and It are the