LATG Pharmacology AZ Branch AALAS HomepageLATG药理学式分支医学主页.ppt

LATGChapters 14 15PharmacologyAnesthesia Pharmacology The science that deals with origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs includes pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, and toxicology drugs are good, but may be only one factor Modes of Drug Action Stimulation: increases the activity of cells (doxapram) Depression: decrease cellular activity (atropine) Irritation: leads to stimulation of activity (fleet enemas) Replacement: synthetic substitutes (insulin or synthroid) Chemotherapy: kill malignant tumor cells (Taxol or Doxorubicin) Drug Classification Classification systems: primary effect site of action Primary effect: unknown cause, but drug may relieve clinical signs Site of action: organ specific drugs Routes of Administration Enteral: drugs are delivered directly into GI tract; slower absorption; wider safety margin Oral Rectal Oral: tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, caplets, suspensions powders, solutions, or suspensions: mix with food or require administration via stomach tube Rectal: suppositories or enemas Routes of Administration Parenteral: without or around (par) the intestines (enteral) IV, SC, ID, IM, IP, IC quickest route to get drug into animal to site of action other routes: Intra-articular; Subarachnoid or Intrathecal, subconjunctival drugs given should be sterile, nonirritating, and pyrogen-free Routes of Administration Inhalation: directly into respiratory tract gas, vapor, fine mist or powder particles or droplets must be less than 5um most commonly used for anesthetic gases (i.e. isoflurane) advantages: rapid absorption and elimination disadvantages: intubation, mask, or inhalation chamber Routes of Administration Topical: application to skin or external membranes lotions, ointments, pastes, and suspensions slowest rate of absorption advantages: high doses to local area without systemic toxicity disadvantages: fur, dirt, bedding, licking Dosage Forms Enteral forms: solutions, suspensions, c