The Application ofGeostatistics to Porosity Estimation in 应用地统计学的孔隙度估计.ppt

New Trends in AVO Brian Russell and Dan Hampson Hampson-Russell Software Calgary, Alberta. Outline of Talk Review of AVO principles AVO attributes AVO cross-plotting 3D AVO AVO and Anisotropy The full stack shows a bright spot at 640 ms. Input gathers showing an amplitude increase with offset. 3D AVO 3D AVO is an simply an extension of 2D AVO using gradient/intercept analysis. Using 3D allows us to map spatial variations in AVO effects. We must be careful to get good offset coverage in the 3D design stage. It may be possible to detect azimuthal anisotropy by restricting azimuths in the attribute calculation. AVO and Anisotropy Two types of anisotropy most common: Transverse isotropy - caused by horizontal layering Azimuthal anisotropy - caused by fractures Transverse isotropy can be modelled using Thomsen parameters. Azimuthal anisotropy may be observed by restricting azimuths when performing intercept/gradient analysis. Transverse Isotropy Transverse Isotropy - Gas Case Transverse Isotropy - Wet Case CONCLUSIONS This talk was intended to give an overview of the AVO method. The various techniques used in AVO were illustrated using a gas sand. Traditional AVO methods consist of computing intercept/gradient attributes. Newer techniques include: - cross-plotting of attributes - extension to 3D - analysis of anisotropic effects. Theory of Cross-plotting Castagna and Swan (1988) start by assuming both the mudrock line and Gardner’s equation: r = a VP1/4 They then show that the linear relationship can be written: G = RP [4/5 -32/5c(VS/VP)-1/2(VS/VP)2] Mudrock lines on a crossplot for various Vp/Vs ratios (Castagna and Swan, 1998) Intercept / Gradient Crossplots (b) Interpreted gas zone (a) Uninterpreted gas zone Seismic Display from Int/Grad Xplots (a) Before interpretation (b) After interpretation Lines from a 3D Channel Sand Example (a) Inline 10, channel at Xline 9, 650 msec. (b) Inline 20, channel at Xline 24, 650 ms