ch3-新古典经济学下贸易.pptVIP

* Neoclassical trade theory: ----Term of trade and welfare 新古典经济学下的贸易：相对价格和福利 Ch3. Neoclassical trade theory Ch 5, 6, 7 of Appleyard Field * * 3.1 theory of consumer (消费者理论) 3.1.1 Budget constrain (预算约束) X2 X1 * 3.1.2 Fundamental of the consumer’s decision: Preference and Utility (消费者选择的基础：偏好和效用) Preference and Utility：Axiom of Preference偏好公理 Axiom 1: completeness ( 完备性公理) 可识别消费组合带来的效用 Axiom 2: Transitivity (传递性公理) 可以比较不同消费组合带来的效用 Axiom 3: Reflexivity and monotonicity ( 自返性和单调性公理) 多多益善 Axiom4: convexity (偏好的“凸性”公理 ) 边际效用递减 Utility: Consumer indifference curve 相同效用的消费组合构成的曲线 X2 X1 U1 U2 U3 图（3－4） X2 X1 （x1，x2） （y1，y2） 图（3－2） X2 X1 （x1，x2） （y1，y2） * 3.1.3 Optimality of consumer’s decision Marginal Utility (MU, 边际效用) Marginal rate of substitution (MRS, 边际替代率) （1）MU and diminishing of Marginal 边际效用和边际效用递减 （2）Marginal Rate of Substitute, MRS (边际替代率) Optimality of consumer’s decision MU, MRS diminishing of MU * 3.2 Production optimum under perfect competition 完全竞争下的生产者理论 Ass1. input flexibility and substitution among input. Continuity ass production function(生产函数连续) Ass2.monotonicity of P-Function(严格递增) Ass3.Diminishing Marginal returns of factor (要素边际产出递减) Ass4. Concavity of P-function/convexity of technical of production(技术凸性假设和生产函数严格拟凹性) Ass5. Diminishing of Marginal rate of technical substitution (边际技术替代率递减) Ass6. constant of Returns of Scale (规模报酬不变) 3.2.1 Assumptions of production * 3.2.2 selection of producer : one production生产者的选择: 成本最小化或利润最大化 * 3.2.3 Selection of the production: two goods optimum (K/L)2 (K/L)1 -(w/r) * * 3.2.4 Production possibility frontier(PPF): from Edgerworth Box to PPF (生产可能性边界) Y2 Y1 O2 O2 O1 O1 * 3.3.1 封闭经济下的均衡 3.3 From autarky to opening economy从封闭经济均衡到开放经济 * 3.3.2 the relative price/ term of trade of opening economy 开放经济下的相对价格（范围的决定） Homogeneity of the consumption * Introduction of international trade The most important feature to keep in minds that the opening of a country to international trade means exposing the c