急性上呼吸道感染（英文）课件.pptVIP

Respiratory System Disorders Pediatric pulmonary diseases account for almost 50% of deaths in children under age 1 year and 20% of all hospitalization of children under age 15 years. Bryce et al. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 2005 Respiratory tract infections represent the most common infections of childhood and range from trivial to life threatening illness. Other diseases of this system include asthma, disorders of pleura or pleura cavity, lung tumor, congenital abnormality. Anatomy and Physiology of Respiratory System The knowledge of basic respiratory physiology and anatomy is one of the basic requirements for correct interpretation of symptoms and physical signs and in the attainment of an age appropriate differential diagnosis. There are a number of significant anatomic and physiological differences between children and adults that have impact on assessment and management. The child is not only physically smaller but also has immature respiratory systems with fewer reserves than those of the adult. Normal anatomy Respiratory system is divided into upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract by cricoid cartilage. upper respiratory tract: nose, nasal sinuses, pharynx, pharyngotympanic tube , epiglottis , larynx lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchus, bronchiole , respiratory brochiole, alveolar ductules , alveolus Nasal passage is shorter, no vibrissa , mucosa has a rich vascularity-liable to infection Nasal passage is narrow-liable to obstruction, resulted dyspnea. Nasal sinus ostia is large-nasosinusitis. pharyngotympanic tube is broader, straighter, shorter and horizontal-otitis media . pharyngeal tonsils :start to enlarge at the end of 1 year, peak at 4 to 10 year-old, degeneration at 14~15 years old-tonsillitis rarely occurs in infants. Larynx is in a shape of funnel and narrow, cartilage is flexible, mucosa is tender and rich of vessel-laryngeal edema and narrow Trachea and bronchus are