Knowledge Representation 知识表示.pptVIP

Knowledge Representationand Machine Learning Stephen J. Guy Overview Recap some Knowledge Rep. History First order logic Machine Learning ANN Bayesian Networks Reinforcement Learning Summary Knowledge Representation? Ambiguous term “The study of how to put knowledge into a form that a computer can reason with” (Russell and Norvig) Originally couple w/ linguistics Lead to philosophical analysis of language Knowledge Representation? Cool Robots Futuristic Robots Early Work SAINT (1963) Closed form Calculus Problems STUDENT (1967) “If the number of customers Tom gets is twice the square of 20% of the number of advertisements he runs, and the number of advertisements he runs is 45, what is the number of customers Tom gets? Early Work - Theme Limit domain “Microworlds” Allows precise rules Generality Problem Size 1) Making rules are hard 2) State space is unbounded Generality First-order Logic Is able to capture simple Boolean relations and facts ?x ?y Brother(x,y) ? Sibling(x,y) ?x ?y Loves(x,y) Can capture lots of commonsense knowledge Not a cure-all First order Logic - Problems Faithful captures fact, objects and relations Problems Does not capture temporal relations Does not handle probabilistic facts Does not handle facts w/ degrees of truth Has been extended to: Temporal logic Probability theory Fuzzy logic First order Logic - Bigger Problem Still lots of human effort “Knowledge Engineering” Time consuming Difficult to debug Size still a problem Automated acquisition of knowledge is important Machine Learning Sidesteps all of the previous problems Represent Knowledge in a way that is immediately useful for decision making 3 specific examples Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Bayesian Networks Reinforcement Learning Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 1st work in AI (McCulloch Pitts, 1943) Attempt to mimic brain neurons Several binary inputs, One binary output Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Can be chained together to Represent logical connectives (and, or,