Lewis stuctures and bonding路易斯结构与键合.docVIP

BONDING : LEWIS STRUCTURES AND THE OCTET RULE The Rule: Atoms, via electron loss, gain or sharing, tend to acquire the electron configurations of the noble (inert) gases.(generally 8 e in valence shell. eg. Ne 2s2 2p6 Ar 3s2 3p6 Kr 4s2 4p6 Xe 5s2 5p6 BONDING: Valence electrons and bonding 1. Ionic Bonding and Nomenclature (web handout) 2. Covalent Bonding: Sharing electrons when outright transfer of electrons is unfavorable Old Models Two atoms with unpaired valence electrons may bond. H2: Diatomics and allotropes:e.g. Cl2 Bonding: shared versus coordinate e.g. HF e.g. NH3 + H+ -NH4+ e.g. H2O General Tendencies for non-metals-#bonds MULTIPLE BONDS What about?: N2 CO2 Drawing Lewis Structures: Tricks 1)Skeletal Structure SO2 ClO4- HNO3 2) Count valence electrons  SO2 ClO4- HNO3 3) Count how many electrons are needed to complete the octet of each atom (except H with 2). 4) Get number of bonds by subtracting #of valence e you have (part 2)by the # you need (part 3) and divide by 2:  SO2 ClO4- HNO3 5) Distribute bonds in skeletal structure (if nec.) 6. Distribute remaining electrons as dots to complete octets. RESONANCE:When one Lewis structure is not enough. e.g. Nitrite NO2- MOLECULAR GEOMETRY Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory(VSEPR); Electron pairs repel each other and stay as far apart as possible. Molecular shape is determined by this. e.g BeCl2 F2O  H2O NH3 CH4 In general, treat a multiple bond as you would a single pair, e.g. CO2 Unshared (lone) Pairs: 1. occupy more space than bonding pairs 2. occupy position where least repulsion occurs. so, H2O has 104.5o angle not 109.5o MOLECULAR POLARITY e.g. H-Cl Dipole moment; Affects intermolecular attractions(remember gas law lab?): B.P. M.P. Non-ideal gas properties Electronegativity: Shape and polarity; Polar? CO2 H2O CF4 HCN 5