THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL VIRUSES：植物和动物病毒之间的差异.pptVIP

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2018-06-29 发布于浙江
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THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL VIRUSES：植物和动物病毒之间的差异.ppt

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THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL VIRUSES：植物和动物病毒之间的差异

THE END KINGDOM : FUNGIABBOTTS COLLEGE KINGDOM FUNGI ABBOTTS TOPICS Structure Characteristics Diseases Neither plants nor animals E.g. mushrooms, moulds and yeast Estimated about 1 million species GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Fungi are found everywhere – invisible to the naked eye Mostly free-living (live in soil, air and dead organic matter) Are heterotrophs - lack chlorophyll Saprotrophic – feed on dead organisms Parasitic – get nourishment from a living host and cause diseases as a result FORM SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Some fungi live in symbiotic relationships with plants and animals The term symbiosis commonly describes close and often long-term interactions between different biological species. LICHEN An association of a fungi and algae The fungus supplies the alga with water and minerals The alga makes glucose that is absorbed by the fungus Lichen thallus (cross-section) X 200. The algal cells are a lighter colour. They are surrounded by and held in place by fungal hyphae. MYCORRHIZAE Hyphae of a fungus which associate with the roots of many types of plants Fungus gets food from the plant Plant gets an increased surface area for water absorption MOST FUNGI ARE USEFUL They are primary decomposers of dead organic matter Clean the environment Nutrients are re-cycled and returned to the soil FUNGI: REPRODUCTION Asexually by means of spores Sexually when conditions are unfavourable by means of zygospores By budding or binary fission (yeast) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION BY SPORES Spores are the units of asexual reproduction, because a single spore develops into a new organism. By contrast, gametes are the units of sexual reproduction, as two gametes need to fuse to create a new organism. Sexual reproduction by zygospores A large multinucleate spore formed by union of similar gametes, as in algae or fungi. budding BINARY FISSION IN YEAST STRUCTURE OF FUNGI Most are multicellular eukaryotes Some are unicellular examples (yeast) Cells walls contain chitin and g