【医学课件】《医学统计学》-10.Experiment design；Survey design.ppt

Chapter 13 Design of medical research The aim of research design: To get a reliable result in the lowest cost of manpower, time and money; To estimate the random error within the observed data; To promote the efficiency of the research There are two kinds of research: Laboratory experiment and Clinical trial Medical survey 13.1 Principles of research design 1. Control 2. Balance 3. Randomization 4. Replication 1. Control If there is no control, then there is no comparison. Some forms of control: (1) Empty control (2) Placebo control (for animal, Experimental control) (3) Mutual control (4) Self control (5) Standard control (6) Historical control (1) Empty control (2) Placebo control (3) Mutual control (4) Self control (5) Standard control (6) Historical control There is no control group, but compare with “historical result” 2. Balance: The experimental group and control group are almost the same in all aspects except the treatment. 3. Randomization Many factors, we know that they may influence the results, but they are very difficult to deal with – Randomization is the best choice! Example To improve the homogeneity of subjects, collect a number of students with same age and gender; randomly arrange them into two groups to make them balance in height and weight. Randomization is the prerequisite of statistical inference. Randomization ? Casual Randomization means that all subjects in population have same probability to be sampled out for research. 4. Replication One meaning of replication : The results can be reproduced in different labs and by different researchers. Another meaning of replication : The study should be performed in a big enough sample. Altman Dore checked 90 papers: 39% mentioned their sample size and why. Sample sizes of 27% papers were too small to make a conclusion. How to estimate sample size in the desig