抗生素课件（英文） Molecular Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis and Virulence.pptVIP

Molecular Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis and Virulence;Controlling Infectious Diseases The pre-antibiotic Era- Improving Sanitation hygiene education Typhoid (Salmonella), Plague (Yersina pestis) Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) 2. The antibiotic Era (1940-70)- Defeat of infectious bacteria? 3. Post-antibiotic Era - Emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. Deaths due to TB (3 million) Diarrhea (3-4 million) Legionnaires disease (Legionella pneumoniae) Lyme Disease (Borriella burgdoferi) Gastric ulcers cancer: Helicobacter pyori Campylobacter jejuni 7 strains of E. coli Viral agents:SARS, Morbilli, HIV, Hunta;We have lost control over infectious diseases? Why? Role of Antibiotics: Overuse of antibiotics / antimicrobials has increased drug resistant microbes; no new antibiotics have been discovered in the past 20 yr Some examples of antimicrobial ressistance: Pseudomonas aeruginosa dominate hospital burn units Emergence of multiple (methicillin) resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); Some strains are now resistant to vancomycin, the only effective remaining antibiotic;2. Improved standard of living: Air conditioners and Legionella 3. Removing and / or substituting environments: SARS, HIV, Lyme disease 4. Aging population, compromised immunity;Microbes adapt to the stress and pressure placed on them 1. Physiological Adaptation – Quorum sensing 2. Genetic Adaptation ;;Quorum sensing - bacterial signaling: Low molecular weight compounds Inhibit macrophage T lymphocyte functioning Able to determine cell density- switch on / off genes Increase density to an effective infectivity dose without alerting host of impending attack; pathogenesis genes not switched on. Legionella in cooling towers;;;;Pathogenic microbes subvert functions of hosts in many ways:Host signaling, host-parasite signaling; parasite signaling;Acquiring New Genes- Horizontal Gene Transfer Genetic Recombination ;Genetic Recombination is: An exchange between two homo