专业英语-English in thermal engrgy and power engineering讲解材料.pptVIP

English in thermal energy and power engineering;Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines;Definition of a fluid and classification of fluid flow;A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress, no matter how small that shear stress may be. A shear force is the force component tangent to a surface, and this force divided by the area of the surface is the average shear stress over the area. Shear stress at a point is the limiting value of shear force to area as the area is reduced to the point. 无论受到多么小的剪切力都会发生连续变形的物质叫做流体。剪切力是与表面相切方向上的分力，该力除以面积便得此面积上的平均切应力，当面积缩成一点时，即为该点上的切应力。 ;In Fig. 1-1 a substance is placed between two closely spaced parallel plates, so large that conditions at their edges may be neglected. The lower plate is fixed, and a force F is applied to the upper plate, which exerts a shear F/A on any substance between the plates. A is the area of the upper plate. When the force F causes the upper plate to move with a steady ( nonzero ) velocity, no matter how small the magnitude of F, one may conclude that substance between the two plates is a fluid. 如图1-1a所示，两块平行放置非常靠近的平板间充满某种物质，平板很大，因此平板四周边缘处的情况可以不予考虑。固定下平板，对上板施加一作用力F，平板间的物质便会受到剪切力F/A的作用，其中A是上板面积。只要作用力F能使上板以恒定（不等于零）的速度运动，而不论力F的量值多么小，你就可以断定板间的物质是一种流体。 ;The fluid in immediate contact with a solid boundary has the same velocity as the boundary, i.e., there is no slip at the boundary. This is an experimental fact which has been verified in countless tests with various kinds of fluids and boundary materials. The fluid in area abcd flows to the new position ab′c′d , each fluid particle moving parallel to the plate and velocity u varying uniformly from zero at the stationary plate to U at the upper plate. Experiments show that, other quantities being held constant, F is directly proportional to A and to U and is inversely proportional to thickness t. 紧贴固体边壁的流体其速度与边壁速度相同，也就是说交界处并无滑移，这一事实已为不同流体和不同边壁材料进行的千万次试验所证实。面积abcd里的流体流到新的位???ab′c′d处，各流体质点均平行于平板运动，其速度u从固定平板上的零值均匀地变化到上板处的U。实验表明，保持其他