沉默构成承诺的类型分析-the type analysis of silence constitutes commitment.docxVIP

I I 摘 要 在交易迅捷化、频繁化的今天，契约法律关系在当事人间愈显重要，以默示 作为意思表示的情形变得更加普遍。 沿袭罗马法系的民法传统，意思的作出有两种可能的方式，明示方式与默示 方式。明示方式相对于默示方式更易于被当事人了解和接受，因为我们可以通过 熟悉的语言或文字符号来辨识。相反，没有语言或文字这一直接的意思表达符号， 默示的意思表示的认定就变得比较困难，了解当事人的意图往往只能从行为的角 度进行判断。默示存在作为和不作为之分，作为的默示是从当事人积极的行为中 推断出其意思表示的内容；不作为（即沉默）的默示是指在既没有语言或文字符 号也没有积极地表示行为的情况下，依据一定的规则确定当事人的意思表示的内 容。沉默作为意思表示的特殊形式在民商事活动中具有特殊的法律意义。本文着 重探讨沉默在契约法上是否能构成承诺及其类型问题。 以现行制度规定来看，沉默只有在当事人约定和法律规定情形下才可视为承 诺，在分析约定性承诺和规范性承诺这两种情形之后，笔者将之统归为规定构成 的承诺类型。除此以外，笔者认为沉默构成的承诺类型不仅仅局限于此，规定构 成的承诺类型并不能涵盖沉默构成的承诺的全部内容。本文试图从以下角度分析 沉默与承诺间的关系，进一步探讨和揭示沉默构成的承诺的两种可能的类型：一、 推定构成的承诺。沉默从推定路径出发以基础性事实为前提构成推定的承诺类 型，笔者提出特定当事人基于交易习惯之推定和基于利益之推定两种情况；二、 解释构成的承诺。沉默从解释路径出发构成解释的承诺类型，笔者在民法解释理 论的指引下分析实务案例发现可能存在的三种情况：主观上明知而未作出任何表 示；事先交往关系引起的承诺的信赖；缔约过程未履行及时告知义务等。 关键词：沉默；承诺；类型；推定；解释 II II Abstract In todays trading fast, frequent, increasingly important contract legal relationship between the parties, expressed as a implied meaning as conditions become more common. Tradition Roman law system of civil law, meaning there are two possible ways, express way and the way. Express way relative to the implied way easier to understand and accept the parties, because we can be familiar with the language or languages of symbols to identify. On the contrary, no language or languages the direct meaning symbols, implied meaning said that becomes more difficult, to understand the intentions of the parties is often only from the Angle of behavior. Implied existence as and inaction, as the burden of the inferred from the positive actions of its intention of content; Not as implied (silence) refers to in neither language or languages symbol is not actively said behavior, according to certain regulations to determine the content of the intention of the parties. Silence as the intention of special form in civil and commercial activity has special legal significance. This paper discusses silence can constitute acceptance in the law of contract and its type. Regulations on the current system, only silence in agreed by the parties and t