中国以龙求雨习俗变迁分析-an analysis of the changes of the custom of seeking rain with dragons in china.docxVIP

摘 要 中国自古以龙为本，农业生产与雨水关系十分密切。然而，特殊的自然条件使 这个国家经常发生旱灾。当时生产力水平低下，尚未达到能够解除旱灾的程度；人 们的认识水平也极为有限，不能对降雨这种自然现象作出科学解释，以为雨水可以 求得。人们常常求雨，形成了求雨习俗。龙作为一种传说中的神异动物，虽然仅仅 存在于人们的观念之中，但是自古就被认为能够兴云布雨，成为求雨习俗中的主角。 以龙求雨习俗是汉族生产民俗的重要内容，在流播过程中也被少数民族接受。 由于社会进步、统治阶级推崇、人们的功利心理等因素，以及受佛教传入影响， 中国以龙求雨习俗发生了很多变化：龙形道具变化多样，由蚌朔龙发展为土龙、草 龙、画龙，甚至与龙相似的蜥蜴、壁虎也成为旱时人们祭拜的对象。人们认为舞龙 容易感应真龙，带来雨水。于是，人们舞龙求雨。后来，人们把龙当作神灵。于是， 形成了祀龙求雨习俗。在此过程中，龙升格为王，龙王庙遍布全国各地。为避免旱 灾发生，人们还进行前期感情投资。于是，形成了农历二月二日、五月二十日祀龙 神的节俗。以龙求雨习俗变迁呈现出多样化、祭祀化、娱乐化等特点。 纵观中国以龙求雨习俗，功过参半。它引起许多不必要的浪费，尤其在灾年， 对于农民来说更是雪上加霜。同时，还影响社会秩序。不过，它也增强了人们的凝 聚力。以龙求雨促进了雨戏、歌会及贸易的发展，丰富了乡村生活。人们对于龙神 的崇拜有利于保护生态环境，在构建和谐社会的今天，仍然具有借鉴意义。不过， 它毕竟是落后文化的产物，我们要批判地继承优秀文化遗产，摒弃落后的东西。要 移风易俗，主要是大力发展科学技术、植树造林、兴修水利，从根本上消灭农业生 产的最大天敌——旱灾，帮助农民走出靠天吃饭的窘境。对于这种民间信仰，不可 立即取缔，更不可以强行禁止，应该引导人们主动放弃。 关键词：中国；以龙求雨习俗；变迁；特点；原因 I Abstract As an agriculture-based country from ancient times, the agricultural production in China maintains a pretty close relationship with rainwater. However, the special natural conditions bring frequent drought to this country. At that time, the lower productivity had not yet reached the level to resist droughts. And people couldn’t give a scientific explanation to the natural phenomenon of rain because of their extremely limited cognitive level, so they thought that the rainwater could be obtained by invocation. To achieve favorable weather, people often prayed for rain and formed a pray-for-rain practice. As a mythical and legendary animal that only exists in the mind of people, the dragon was considered to be powerful to fan the flames of rain and cloud since ancient times, so it became the protagonist in pray-for-rain practices. Praying for rain with dragon was an important component of the production folk-custom of Han nationality; it also is accepted by minorities in the transmission process. With many factors, including social progress, the ruling class’ respecting ,the peoples utilitarian psychological factors, and the impaction of the introduction of Buddhism, the convention of pray