环境正义之经济分析重构经济典范盲点及其超克.docVIP

环境正义之经济分析重构经济典范盲点及其超克 　　［摘要］随着美国环境正义行政命令的公布，环境正义这个概念在美国也渐次制度化。但制度化所伴随而来的，不是争论的平息，反倒是更严峻的挑战。1990年中期之后，新自由主义者对传统理论群起攻之。总的来看，他们认为以往的理论过于抽象与空泛，以致于无法落实。为了导正此缺点，新一派的学者建议在环境正义的讨论上引入经济学思考，俾使抽象的规范性概念能在具体政策上实现。然而，由于经济学典范过度强调牺牲区域的存在与金钱补偿的重要，使得他们的论点充满反环保与不正义的因子。换言之，把经济推理施用在环境正义理论上，可能会使我们对正义的讨论失焦，还可能使原有的不正义问题更加恶化。为了让前述两个互不相让的理论重新对焦并展开对话，本文尝试梳理隐藏在经济学推理中的偏见，并试图寻找传统理论与经济理论之间的接点。 　　［关键词］环境正义；经济分析；损益分析；牺牲区域；外部性；内部化 　　[中图分类号]B82-058；F069.9[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1674-6848（2011）01-0056-12 　　[作者简介]黄之栋（1977―），男，台湾人，英国爱丁堡大学社会暨政治学院博士，现任职于台湾交通大学通识中心环境史研究室，主要从事环境正义、科技与社会、左翼思想等研究。黄瑞祺（1954―），男，台湾台北人，英国剑桥大学国王学院社会学博士，台湾“中央研究院”欧美研究所研究员，主要从事欧美社会政治理论、生态社会学、全球化研究。（台湾台北11529） 　　 　　Title: The Reconstitution of Economic Analysis for Environmental Justice 　　Authors: Ruey-Chyi Hwang Chih-Tung Huang 　　Abstract: After President Clinton proclaimed Executive Order 12898 in 1994, environmental justice（EJ） gradually made the transition from street-level struggles to a legal commitment which could hold its ground against a barrage of challenges to its authority. In fact, the debate revolving around EJ is by no means over, but has become even more intense. As some have pointed, after reaching its high-water mark, EJ may now be entering the most difficult phase of its early history. In the aftermath of this Executive Order, neo-liberalists and EJ proponents were struggling for the definition of what EJ should really mean in practice. Neo-liberalist opponents urge decision-makers to infuse economic reasoning into EJ policies. This argument soon invited bitter criticisms, as economics has long been considered by some as anti-environment and injustice. This article presents a coherent framework within which an appropriate linkage between EJ and economics could be found. This linkage, we argue, provides a useful point of departure for further discussion. 　　Key words: environmental justice（EJ）； economic analysis; cost-benefit analysis; sacrificing section; externality; internalization 　　 　　一、绪论 　　 　　环境正义的概念自1982年