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英语谚语概念隐喻结构研究
英语谚语概念隐喻结构研究
摘 要:在英语谚语这种凝固的语言表达式中,存在一些深层的概念隐喻;这些概念隐喻体现出很强的结构性。谚语的概念隐喻结构具有一定的生成性和可预测性。
关键词:英语谚语 概念隐喻 生成性 可预测性
英语谚语大都言简意赅,寓意深刻,其语言形象生动,包涵了重要的文化信息。另一方面,英谚有自己的语法结构上的特点。如,英语谚语都用现在时态(Lyons 1977:678)。本文将从概念隐喻的角度,对英语谚语的概念隐喻结构和特点进行一些探讨。
一、谚语的概念隐喻的结构性
语言中有些词很难准确定义,如,honesty(诚实)、宽容(forgiveness)、友好(kindness)等。而概念隐喻能准确地概括出众??谚语的核心或典型含义。Kovecses(1986)Lakoff (1987)认为,概念隐喻(conceptual metaphor)是一种从源域(source domain)向目标域(target domain)的概念映射(conceptual mapping)过程中引起的系统性的理据(systematic motivation)。许多英语谚语正是建立在一些底层的概念隐喻基础上的,而且这些概念是以典型范畴的方式结合在一起。
例如,关于honesty的谚语(大写字母表示概念隐喻):
ITS VALUE(其价值)
Honesty is the best policy.
Plain dealing is a jewel.
Plain dealing is best.
Better beg than steal.
An Honest look covers many faults.
ITS DISADVANTAGES (其劣势)
Honesty is ill to thrive by.
Honesty is praised and starves.
Plain dealing is a jewel, but they that use it die beggars.
Confess and be hanged.
ITS RARITY (其稀缺性)
Plain dealing is praised more than practiced.
Plain dealing is dead, and died without much issue.
Honesty is a jewel; but much out of fashion.
关于forgiveness的谚语:
ITS VALUE(其价值)
Mercy surpasses justice.
The noblest vengeance is to forgive.
He that forgives gains the victory.
To err is human; to forgive, divine.
ITS DANGERS(其危险性)
Pardon one offence and you encourage many.
Pardon makes offenders.
Pardoning the bad is injuring the good.
关于kindness的谚语:
ITS VALUE(其价值)
Pity is akin to love.
Charity covers a multitude of sins.
Kindness is the noblest weapon to conquer with.
The rough net is not the best catcher of birds.
ITS DANGERS(其危险性)
Kind hearts are soonest wronged.
Give a clown a finger, and he will take your hand.
Sometimes clemency is cruelty, and cruelty clemency.
从以上谚语中,可清楚地看到概念隐喻的结构:其价值、其危险性等。这种概念隐喻是很多谚语的语义基础。
二、 谚语的概念隐喻具有生成性
谚语与许多的事例(instance)有着潜在的联系,这些事例本身或许在字面意思上(literally)毫无联系,或许在指称上(referentially)毫无联系。在字面上,多种体现可能没有任何共同之处,它们的相似性(resemblance)是
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