被动形式表示主动意义语法特征初探.docVIP

被动形式表示主动意义语法特征初探 　　英语被动语态具有词形变化标记和语法特征#65377;我们知道,“be+ed分词”或“get+ed分词”及作为非谓语动词的“-ed分词”,往往表示“被”#65380;“由”#65380;“受”“为”#65380;“给”#65380;“让”#65380;“为……所”等概念#65377;如:The bike was?got stolen yesterday.(这辆自行车昨天被盗)再如:Encou-raged by the teacher,the pupil works even harder.(受到老师后,这个学生更加努力学习了) 　　由此可见,谓语动词中“be?get+ed分词”及作为非谓语动词的“-ed分词”深深地打上了被动意义的烙印,译成汉语时通常要用被动句式#65377;但是,由于英汉两种语言之间在思维习惯和表达习惯上存在一定的差异,在英汉互译时,二者往往并非简单的一一对应关系#65377;不少情况下,英语中“be?get+ed分词”和“-ed分词”这一被动结构在汉语中并非表示被动意义,而是表示主动意义#65377; 　　 　　一#65380;汉语表达习惯对英语动词词性及用法的影响 　　 　　由于汉英对动词及物与否的差异,英语中的一些使令动词容易被当做不及物动词,其意义也因此被错误理解(misinterpretation)#65377;因此,用英语表达时,由于把它们当成不及物词而误用成主动语态#65377;如: 　　由于对这个问题的提问方式感到吃惊,汤姆不知道该说什么#65377; 　　误:Tom,surprising at the way the question was put,was at loss what to say. 　　正:Tom,surprised at the way the question was put,was at loss what to say. 　　围桌而坐,委员们一言不发#65377; 　　误:Seating around the table,the committe members kept silient. 　　正:Seated around the table,the committe members kept silient. 　　以上两例的被动句式,在汉语中对应的是主动句式,表示主动意义#65377;常见的这类使令动词主要有两个特征:(1)这类使令动词大多表示各种心理感受,为明晰起见,列表举例对这类动词的英汉用法对比分析#65377;(2)这类使令动词在转为被动语态后,主语一般由人充当,过去分词已形容词化,有其固定的介词搭配关系,而不是跟介词by,含有静态意义#65377;此时,其结构也由被动结构转化成系补结构#65377;如: 　　主动句:The film interests me.(主语:the film,指物) 　　被动句:I am interested in the film.(主语:I,指人) 　　类似的词还有:be addicted to;be bent on;be caked with;be composed of;be delighted at;be disappointed at?in;be excited about;be bored with;be shocked at;be astonished at;be tired of;be frightened of;be embarrassed by;be preoccupied with;be ashamed of;be fed up with 等#65377; 　　由此可见,受汉语表达习惯影响,忽视词性,尤其是把及物动词与不及物动词混为一谈,是产生错误的一个主要原因#65377;下面几组词在词性及主#65380;被动形式表达上易混淆:seat?sit;raise?rise;remain?leave;dress?wear;lose?miss等#65377;试比较: 　　He is sitting?seated in the front row.他坐在前排#65377; 　　My pen is missing?lost.我的钢笔丢了#65377; 　　Wearing?Dressed in a suit,he feels more at ease.穿套装,他感到更自在#65377; 　　If you take three from ten,seven remains.十减三剩七#65377; 　　No food was left when I got home.我到家后,什么也没剩#65377;英语中一些动词在同一词义下如果兼有及物