民事错误制度若干问题探讨-北大法意.DOC

民事错误制度若干问题探讨 作者：胡吕银 作者单位：扬州大学政法学院 出处：扬州大学学报(人文社会科学版)2002年7月第6卷第4期 内容摘要：我国民法对错误的规定尚需完备，学理对此已开始关注，但还有一些问题有待深入探讨。对法律的错误并非在任何情况下都不能影响意思表示的效力，应分别情况加以处理；错误因当事人的主观过失而生，按其情节轻重分别处理，甚为合理；国外立法和学理对传统错误制度进行扩张的新动向，值得关注；仅仅存在某个重要的错误还不足以使撤销成立，规定一些撤销权的排除因素是必要的；对共同错误及法律行为基础作出明确的规定或形成固定的规则是可行的。 关键词：民事错误;法律行为;撤销;排除 中图分类号：D 923 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1007—7030(2002)04—0066—06 Probe into Several Questions of the Civil Law Stipulations in Relation to the Miscomprehension of the Litigant HU (College of Political Science and Law, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China) Abstract: The civil law stipulations in relation to the miscomprehension of the litigant is still in need of improvement, which has already aroused the concern of the theorists. There are several questions worthy of in-depth probe. In the application of the rule that in no case will the miscomprehension affect the power of the expressed intention, the miscomprehension should be treated according to the actual circumstances. As for the crimes committed due to the misunderstanding of the litigant, it is sensible to deal with these cases in line with their severity. Close attention should be paid to the latest development made by foreign legislation and concerned theory to the traditional stipulations in relation to the miscomprehension. Some serious misunderstanding alone does not justify revoking a sentence, so it is necessary to prescribe a few excluding factors for revocation. Besides, it is feasible to make distinct stipulations or shape fixed regulation as to the shared miscomprehension and the basis for the lawful acts. Key words: stipulations in relation to miscomprehension; lawful acts; revocation; exclusion 正文： 近年来，有学者对法律行为中的意思表示错误问题进行了研究并指出，意思表示错误乃指表意人因自身原因致其主观认识与现实不一致，而这种不一致并不为表意人所知；意思表示错误须依表意人的目的、习惯、常人标准、结果标准、辅助标准等方法加以认定。[1]并有学者对错误制度在当代的发展进行了评析，认为错误案件实际上是一种不利益的分配，在为这种分配寻找正当化根据的过程中发现，错误制度经历了从同意主义到程序公正，再到实质正义的发展过程；且对我国错误制度的现状进行了述评。[2]这些研究表明我国民法学者开始关注传统民法中的一些重要法律制度，并对其在当代的新动向进行跟踪，进而为我国民事法律制度的完善作不懈的努力。在此，笔