消化系统（英文）.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Hematological regulation Synthesis of plasma proteins (think albumins, etc.) Removal of hormones (like a giant sponge, the liver takes NE, epi, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones, etc. ‘out of the game’) Removal of antibodies Removal (or storage) of toxins Phagocytosis (Kupffer cells chomp up RBCs and are APCs!) Production of bile (1 liter/day) Kupffer RBCs Hepatocytes produce bile Bile is made and then secreted into channels called bile canaliculi Canaliculi merge to join the bile ducts at each of the triads triad What is bile? Bile is an alkaline solution containing: water, electrolytes, bilirubin, phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipids known as bile salts Function of bile (bile salts): emulsify fats for digestion Bile salts are not enzymes, they merely help to bust up large fat droplets into smaller fat droplets. Why is this important? Gall Bladder Major functions: Bile storage Bile concentration, modification Gall bladder receives bile from liver via the cystic duct What regulates release of bile? When chyme enters the small intestine, CCK is released CCK relaxes sphincter (sphincter of Oddi) and triggers muscle contractions that squeeze the gall bladder and send bile out, into duodenum How clever that CCK secretion increases when chyme is high in fats! Interesting note: CCK also slows stomach movement (release of food to duodenum) What does this tell you about a high fat meal? Review of Digestion at Small Intestine Chyme enters duodenum from stomach Gets blasted with HCO3-, enzymes and bile Which enzymes? Where from? Are all enzymes active upon arrival? Which ones are? Which ones are not? Segmentation provides mechanical digestion Bile salts surround fats, increasing lipase effectiveness ABSORBPTION of nutrients!! Once most absorption done, two waves of peristalsis push left-overs into large intestines. Each wave takes ~2 hours. Animation-Recap The