课件：流行病学_绪论.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .au/ideas/downloads/tb_community.pdf * * * * * * * * * * 随着协会创始人的相继去世，该协会逐渐走向没落。 细菌时代：人们用实验室标准来判断因果关系，如KOCH法则，替代了19世纪中期流行病学家提出的人群为基础的推理原则。 * * * 左图：Man and small boy with pellagra. * * * 第一次流行病学革命－针对传染病 现在看来，针对传染病的战斗还没有结束，也不可能结束。我们需要的是第三次流行病学革命，将研究和控制传染病、非传染病的方法整合起来，探索它们的共同病因及解决方法。 * Sir Austin Bradford Hill and Sir Richard Doll More than anybody else Richard Doll has stopped doctors pontificating without any evidence. Together with the father of medical statistics, Austin Bradford Hill, he introduced the randomised controlled trial: a method of assessing a treatment or procedure that is one of the most important medical developments of the century. Doll and Hill were also the first to show the connection between cigarette smoking and many serious diseases, particularly lung cancer and heart disease. Austin Bradford-Hill. He was a professor of statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. * * * 下图就是1954年使用的疫苗小瓶（Vials of polio vaccine, 1954 ） SALK, Jonas Edward (1914–95), American physician and epidemiologist, who developed the first vaccine against POLIOMYELITIS. Born in New York City, Salk received an M.D. from New York University in 1939 and was appointed assistant professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan. In 1947 he became head of the virus research laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh and was later research professor of bacteriology (1949–54), professor of preventive medicine and chairman of the department (1954–56), and professor of experimental medicine (1957–63). Salk’s work in the 1940s on an anti-influenza vaccine led him and his colleagues to develop an inactivated vaccine against polio in 1952. After successful wide-scale testing in 1954, the vaccine was distributed nationally and greatly reduced the disease. In the mid-1950s the American virologist Albert Sabin developed an oral, attenuated (live), vaccine, which with Salk’s discovery brought polio under con