英语语音学和音位学.pptVIP

语音学＆音位学 PHONETICS What is the Phonetics? Phonetics studies speech sounds,including the production of speech,that is how speech sounds are actually made,transmitted and received,the discription and classification of speech sounds,words and connected speech,etc. Three main areas ARTICULATORY PHONETICS(发音语言学)is study of the production of speech sounds. ACOUSTIC PHONETICS(声学语言学)is the physical properties of the speech sounds. PERCEPTUAL or AUDITORY PHONETICS(感知，听觉语言学)is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. The organs of speech Nasal cavity ------鼻腔 Mouth cavity------口腔 Tongue------舌 Lips------唇 Teeth------齿 The teeth ridge-------齿龈 The hard palate ------硬腭 The soft palate ------软腭 uvula ------小舌 Pharynx ------咽头 Larynx------ 喉头 The vocal cords------ 声带 Windpipe ------气管 咽 口 鼻 构成(pharynx,mouth,nose)声道中的三大声腔(vocal tract)。发音以气流（airstream）作为能量来源。 器官的顶端是喉，喉部有声带（vocal band） 声带的三种状态 分离：声带分离，气流通过，清音或不带声音（voiceless）即辅音【p s t】 贴近：声带贴近，气流振动，带声音(voiced)，浊音[b z d]即为带声辅音。 紧闭：声带紧闭，气流无法通过，即为声门塞音 The classification of Speech sounds The organs of speech are capable of making many different kinds of speech sounds. From the practical standpoint, speech sounds are generally divided into Vowels and Consonants. 元音和辅音 Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction of the air stream in the mouth. In producing them there is vibration of the vocal cords, so all vowels are voiced . In English there are twenty vowels in all. Consonants are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air passage and be either voiced or voiceless . There are twenty-eight consonants in English. 辅音 发音方式，指完成发音过程的方法. 塞音（或爆破音）STOP or PLOSIVE 【p b t d k g】 鼻音（NASAL）【m n】 擦音（FRICATIVE）【f v z ? h】 近音（APPROXIMANT）【w j】 边音（LATERAL）【l】 颤音（TRILL）【r】 触音（TAP）【t d n】city 塞擦音（AFFRICATE）【ts dz tr dr】 church【t?】 发音部位指辅音的发音位置，辅音可以产生于唇与声带间的任何部位。 在国际音标中区分了11个发音部位。 ①双唇音（BILABIAL）【p b m】pet ，bet ②唇齿音（LABIODENTAL）如fire中【f】 ③齿音（DENTAL）【θe】 ④齿龈音（ALVEOLAR）【t d n s r l】 ⑤齿龈后音（POSTALVEOLA