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- 2019-01-25 发布于湖北
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(A is preparing a meal in the kitchen. B is in the living room next to it. Both rooms are connected by a door.) (8.1) A: I want to hear the news. Keep the door open. (8.2) B: Thats not possible. Our neighbour is at home. (8.3) A: Keep the door open. I am coming. (E. Weigand / Journal of Pragmatics 31 (1999) 763-785 777) 心理倾向指的是由于受心理或社会因素的影响,人会做出非理性的错误判断的倾向,是认知科学和社会心理学研究的一种现象,可分为动机倾向(motivational biases)和认知倾向(cognitive biases),前者指的是人们倾向于进行和自己的需要和愿望相一致的推理,避免做和自己的需要和愿望相悖的推理,受此类动机影响,很容易导致非理性的推理错误;后者是由于受人们认知能力所限,无法顾及和加工所有可为其所用的信息,而导致系统性的偏离常规和标准的推理错误。无论是哪种心理倾向,都是在非理性的、主观心理因素的影响下表现出的对多个可能的判断和结论中的某一个判断的偏好(Kruglanski and Ajzen 1983)。 ? 匹配倾向(matching bias) 注意倾向(attentional bias) 信念倾向(belief bias) 证实倾向(confirmation bias) 代表性(representativeness)可及性(availability)、基点与调整(anchoring and adjustment)三种经验推理方法 ……. (成人A和小孩B一起散步。A手里拿着B想要玩的皮球和B在路上采的花。过了一会儿,A让B拿住皮球。) (1)A: Can you hold the ball? (A gives B the ball) (2)B: And you keep the flower. (3)A: Do you want it? (4)B: No, you keep it. (摘自Weigand 1999) (席间) A: 今天早上真冷,都打不着车。 B:今天你打车上班的? C:现在的车都先进了,天再冷,一般也可以打着。 A:第一下没打着。 B:我还以为你打的上班了呢。 C:你怎么会这么理解呢?难道你不知道天冷的时候车不容易发动吗? B:知道啊!A前一段时间因为经常堵车,就没开车,打过一段时间的。 C:噢。这点我不知道。 Old Lady 1 : “Is this stop Bloomington ?”An old lady asked the bus driver. Driver 1 : “No , Ma’am. ” Old Lady 2 : “Well , please tell me when we get there ,”she requested. ← Driver 2 : “I’ll do that ,”promised the driver. Later , the driver got careless and passed through Bloomington before he realized it . He apologized to the other passengers , turned around , and drove back. Then he said to the old lady : Driver 3 : “This is the town where you wanted to get out . ” Old Lady 3 : “Who wanted to get out ?” Driver 4 : “You did. ” Old Lady 4 : “No ,”she said ,“my daughter told me that when I pass through this town , I should take my pills. ” (转引自宗世海,2005) “no assurance that communication will be certain or even relatively trouble free”(Fish, 1989, p.42) Thank You Coupland, N., giles, H., Wiemann, J. M. (1991)
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