放射性核素的衰变规律.ppt

子体的极值问题 子体的活度达到最大值的时间 不成平衡 条件： 结果： 例如： “冷却”反应堆裂变产物 不成平衡 子体的极值问题 子体的活度达到最大值的时间 放射平衡小结 三种平衡的共同点在于：达到平衡后，衰变规律随半衰期较长的核素 长期平衡与暂时平衡：平衡后，子核按母核的半衰期（较长）衰变 不成平衡：平衡后，母核消失，子核按自身的半衰期（较长）衰变 放射系 Radioactive series 放射系 递次衰变系列的统称 三个天然放射系：铀系，钍系和锕系 一个人工放射系：镎系 铀系(uranium series) 钍系(thorium series) 锕系(actinium series) 镎系(neptunium series) The neptunium series, (4n+1) The (4n+1) series is unique in that it contains no gaseous member. Both astatine (85) and francium (87), long missing from the periodic table, are members of this series. Again, branching occurs at a bismuth isotope, in this case 213Bi. The series terminates with an isotope of bismuth instead of at lead, as is the case for the other three series. It should be noted that the termination of the neptunium series is at 209Bi, which has a magic neutron number 126. 放射系小结 放射系 起点核素 终点核素 衰变方式 气体核素 ΔZ ΔA 铀(4n+2) 238U (4.51×109a) 206Pb 8α+ 6β 222Rn (3.82 d) 10 32 钍 (4n) 232Th (1.4×1010a) 208Pb 6α+ 4β 220Rn (55.6 s) 8 24 锕(4n+3) 235U (7.1×108a) 207Pb 7α+ 4β 219Rn (3.96 s) 10 28 镎(4n+1) 237Np (2.14×106a) 209Bi 7α+ 4β 无 10 28 讨论和提问 （1~3分钟） 小结 核辐射的来源：放射性衰变 ?衰变能来自原子核的质量亏损，体现了能量最低原理 ?衰变类型：α，β，γ 放射性衰变的规律：指数衰减 ?放射源的活度与原子核数成正比，与半衰期成反比 ?放射源的活度随时间按指数规律衰减 思考题 课后习题：4，9，10，11，12，16(U-234) 三种常见放射性衰变的含义、方程（举例）、对象、粒子能谱和衰变纲图（会看） 单一放射性核素的衰变规律及相关概念 放射性活度的单位和计算 各种放射性平衡的条件和举例 放射系释放的气体核素 Evaluation of Avogadro’s number By counting the flashes of light produced by alpha particles when they strike a screen coated with zinc sulfide, Sir William Ramsay and Professor Frederick Soddy found that 1 g of radium gives off 13.8×1010 alpha particles (nuclei of helium atoms) per second. They also measured the amount of helium gas produced in this way, finding 0.158cm3 (at 0oC and 1 atm) per year per gram of radium. At this temperature and pressure 1 l of helium weighs 0.179g. Avogadro’s number of helium atoms weighs 4.003 g (the atomic mass of helium is 4.003). From these data calculate an approximate value of Avogadro’s number. (Chemistry by L. Pau