神经系统发育及可塑性ppt课件.ppt

中脑的发育 中脑是三个原始脑泡中变化最小的部分，由于大脑半球及小脑的迅速发育，中脑被覆盖其中。 小脑的发育 后脑翼板外侧部增生形成菱唇-小脑的原基，菱唇在头端逐渐向中线靠拢成为小脑板，至12周小脑板两端膨大成为小脑半球，中线部位成为蚓部。4月时出现明显的沟裂。 间脑的发育 仅来自顶板与翼板，并无基板成分参与。第6周末，由于端脑泡的迅速发育，端脑与发育相对缓慢的间脑已明显区分。间脑两侧壁上的两浅沟将间脑分为上丘脑、丘脑和下丘脑。 端脑的发育 胚胎第五周，端脑泡迅速膨大，顶壁及外侧壁变薄并向两侧延伸而成两大脑半球，其内腔成为侧脑室。内侧壁增厚并发育成基底神经节。连合两侧大脑半球的连合纤维在终板上部越过中线发育成胼胝体。 两原始大脑半球后部继续增长向后下而构成枕叶及颞叶，其内腔成为侧脑室后角及下角。 周围神经的发育 一、脊神经的发育 二、脑神经的发育 （一）躯体传出：滑车、展神经、舌下神经及动眼神经的大部分。 （二）鳃弓神经：三叉神经、面神经、舌咽神经及迷走神经 （三）特殊感觉：嗅神经、视神经及前庭神经 三、内脏神经的发育 （一）交感神经系统 （二）副交感神经系统 * * * * * cell proliferation - To grow or multiply by rapidly producing new cells neural tube Ventricular zone Marginal zone Neuroblast neural tube cell proliferation - a characteristic of the choreography of cell proliferation 合成DNA时(S期)，其核位于靠近外侧膜处，然后核又回到靠官腔的位置进行有丝分裂(M期)，有丝分裂产生的子细胞又移行至外界膜，再合成DNA并重复其增殖周期。分裂后子细胞(daughter cell) 命运(fate)如何决定于很多因素，其中非常重要的因素是基因表达(gene expression)的差异性,而基因表达的调控取决于transcription factors的类型。 Both daughter cells cleaved vertically from the precursor remain in the ventricular zone to divide again and again. This mode of cell division predominates early in development ?expand the population of neuronal precursor The both cells cleaved horizontally from the precursor, one migrates away to take up its position in the cortex, where it will never divide again. The other daughter remains in the ventricular zone to undergo more division. This mode predominates later in development ? neuronal precursor cell proliferation - The fate of the newly formed daughter cells Ventricular zone precursor cells repeated this pattern until all of the neurons of the cortex have been generated. The cleavage have been basically finished on pregnant fifth month in human. In human, most neocortical neurons are born between the fifth week and fifth month of gestation (pregnancy), peaking at the astonishing rate of 250,000 new neurons per minute. Research suggest: the gene expression of the precursor is regulated by its transcription factors( the proteins/up