[财务管理]财务报表与财务分析中英文.pdf

ChapterChapter 22 33 FinancialFinancial StatementsStatements andand AnalysisAnalysis (財務報表與財務分析) The Stockholders’ Report  The guidelines used to prepare and maintain financialfinancial recordsrecords andand reportsreports areare generallygenerally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)(用於準備 與維持財務記錄及報告的指導方針是一般會計原則 (GAPP)).  Sources of Financial Information (財務資訊的來源) 1) Annual Report (年報：主要的資訊來源):年報中 包括2種資訊 a) 公司總經理的公開信公司總經理的公開信(l(letter to stockhkholdlders)) b) 4種基本的財務報表(financial statements) 2)) 美國的證管會美國的證管會(SEC)(SEC) 臺灣的金管會臺灣的金管會 22.11--22.22 TheThe BalanceBalance SheetSheet IncomeIncome Statement (資產負債表損益表)  The income statement provides a financial summary ofof aa companycompany’ss operatingoperating resultsresults duringduring aa specifiedspecified period.(流量的觀念)  TheThe balancebalance sheetsheet presentspresents aa summarysummary ofof aa firmfirm’ss financial position at a given point in time.(存量的觀 念念))  The Balance Sheet Identity is: AssetsAssets ≡≡LiabilitiesLiabilities ++ StockholderStockholder’ss EquityEquity  The accounting definition of income is: RRevenue – EExpenses ≡IIncome Balance Sheet Analysis  When analyzing a balance sheet, the Finance Manager should be aware of three concerns:concerns: 1. Accounting liquidity (會計的變現性) 22. DDebtbt versus equitity ((債務債務v.s. 權益權益)) 3. Value versus cost (價值v.s. 成本) Accountingg Liqquidity(y(變現性變現性/流動性流動性)) • Refers to the ease and quickness with which assets can be converttedd tto cashh—withithoutt a siignifiificantt lloss iin vallue ((所謂所謂 變現性是指在沒有嚴重損失價值之下，可以容易且快速 的將資產轉換成現金的將資產轉換成現金)) • Current assets are the most liquid. (流動資產最具變現性) • SomeSome fixedfixed assetsassets areare intangibleintangible. ((某些固定資產是無形資某些固定資產是無形資 產) • The more liqquid a firm’s assets,, the less