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- 2019-02-23 发布于天津
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* 判断法 判断法是以系统性的方法综合不同专家的意见 一组专家可以组合起来以获取共识(Panels of experts – internal, external, both) 德尔菲法(Delphi method)是一种结构性的技术,在不聚集专家到同一个地方的状况下,得到专家一致的意见 Each member surveyed Opinions are compiled Each member is given the opportunity to change his opinion 此技术的设计是为避免各决策过程中的风险和个人喜好 * 市场研究法 市场测试法(Market Testing)和市场调查(Market Surveys)可以是有效的方法建立预测,尤其是对新产品而言 市场测试法:潜在顾客的焦点团体被集合且试用新产品,其反应情况可以用来推断整个市场对产品的需求 市场调查:包括从不同潜在顾客来收集这些资料,主要是透过当面访谈、电话抽访、问卷等方式 * 时间序列法(1) 时间序列法是利用过去相关数据来预测未来数据。以下为几种常被使用方法: Moving Averages(移动平均法) Average of some previous demand points. Exponential Smoothing(指数平滑法) More recent points receive more weight Methods for Data with Trends(具趋势性数据的预测法) Regression Analysis:Fits line to data Holt’s Method:Combines exponential smoothing concepts with the ability to follow a trend * 时间序列法(2) Methods for Data with Seasonality(具季节性数据的预测法) Seasonal Decomposition Methods:Seasonal patterns removed Winter’s Method: Advanced approach based on exponential smoothing Complex methods(更多的复杂方法) not clear that these work better * 因果关系法 根据其它非预测资料产生预测值,也就是预测值是其它非预测数据的函数 例如下一季销售的因果预测值可能是这一季通货膨胀率、国家生产毛额、失业率、气候等销售以外信息的函数 * Selecting the Appropriate Approach What is the purpose of the forecast? Gross or detailed estimates? What are the dynamics of the system being forecast? Is it sensitive to economic data? Is it seasonal? Trending? How important is the past in estimating the future? Different approaches may be appropriate for different stages of the product lifecycle: Testing and introduction: market research methods, judgment methods Rapid growth: time series methods Mature: time series, causal methods (particularly for long-range planning) It is typically effective to combine approaches. * 全局优化(Global Optimization) (1) 问题:供应商和买方之间所期望的整体最大利润是多少? 若允许由一个理性的决策者确定整个供应链的最优策略,将会如何? * Manufacturer Manufacturer DC Retail DC Stores Fixed Production Cost =$100,000 Variable Production Cost=$35 Selling Price=$125 Salvage Value=$20 Wholesale Price =$80 Global Optimization:Example * $1,014,500 Global Optim
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