物质的跨膜运输TRANSPORTOFIONSANDSMALLMOLECULES.ppt

物质的跨膜运输TRANSPORT OF IONS AND SMALL MOLECULES ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES 跨膜运输Membrane Transport Relative permeability of a pure phospholipidbilayer to various molecules 大部分的分子和全部的离子由膜蛋白协助运输Membrane Proteins Mediate Transport of Most Molecules and All Ions Across Biomembranes ATP-泵 ATP-powered pumps Light-driven pump 通道蛋白 Channel proteins 载体蛋白Transporters (also called carriers) Uniporters antiporters and symporters Water and urea is frequently accelerated by specific proteins because their transport by passive diffusion usually is not sufficiently rapid to meet cellular needs. 参与运输的膜蛋白 运输方式 简单扩散 协助扩散 主动运输 辅助运输 Membrane Proteins Mediate Transport of Most Molecules and All Ions Across Biomembranes Water and urea is frequently accelerated by specific proteins because their transport by passive diffusion usually is not sufficiently rapid to meet cellular needs. 另一种分类方法 主动运输和被动运输 主动运输 ATP提供能量的主动运输 钠钾泵 钙泵和质子泵 协同运输（cotransport）- ATP间接供能 共运输（symport） 对向运输（antiport) 光驱动（植物） 主动运输的3种方式 Uniporters,以GLUT（葡萄糖载体蛋白）为例 与简单扩散不同，单载体蛋白协助扩散具有酶动力学特征 高效 专一 饱和 GluTsGlucose transporter The human genome encodes 12 proteins, GLUT1–GLUT12, that are highly homologous in sequence, and all are thought to contain 12 membrane-spanning helices. 协同运输 动力来源于膜两侧的电化学浓度梯度。一般这种梯度由消耗ATP的钠钾泵提供。 共运输 小肠（肾小管）上皮细胞转运葡萄糖，Na+协助 对向运输 动物细胞pH值调节，Na+协助H+ Na+浓度驱动的葡萄糖转运 2种不同的葡萄糖转运方式 细菌乳糖渗透酶的作用机制 Antiporter Na + -Linked Antiporter Exports Ca2+ from Cardiac Muscle Cells 几种控制细胞内pH的antiporter 钠钾泵，消耗1ATP，泵出3个Na+,泵入2个K+ 钙泵，消耗1ATP，泵出2个Ca2+, 质子泵 H+泵， 植物细胞无钠钾泵，具有H+泵，将H+泵出细胞。 ATP合成酶，反向的质子泵 ABC蛋白 Bacterial Permeases Are ABC Proteins That Import a Variety of Nutrients from the Environment About 50 ABC Small-Molecule Pumps Are Known in Mammals 非门控离子通道和静息电位Nongated Ion Channels andthe Resting Membrane Potential 通道具有专一性 通道只介导顺浓度梯度和电化学梯度的运输。 膜片钳 Patch Clamps Permit Measurement of Ion Movements Through Single Channels 电压门控通道和动作电位Voltage-Gated Ion Channelsand the Propagation of ActionPotentials in Nerve Cells 通道蛋白 通道蛋白跨膜形成亲水