人体结构与功能 - 浙江大学.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * The anatomical position: (解剖学姿势) The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally. superior 上, inferior 下 anterior (ventral) 前 ( 腹侧 ) posterior (dorsal) 后 ( 背侧 ) medial 内侧, lateral 外侧 internal 内, external 外 superficial 浅, profound 深 proximal 近侧, distal 远侧 ulnar 尺侧, radial 桡侧 tibial 胫侧，fibular 腓侧 基本解剖术语 Descriptive anatomical terms Axis 轴： Vertical axis 垂直轴 Sagittal axis 矢状轴 Coronal axis 冠状轴 Plane面: Sagittal plane 矢状面 Coronal plane 冠状面 Horizontal plane 水平面 或transverse plane 横切面 基本解剖术语 Descriptive anatomical terms Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function . There are four main tissues in the body – epithelium, muscle, connective tissue and nervous tissue. Functions ： 1) It protects us from the outside world – skin. 2) Absorbs – stomach and intestinal lining (gut) 3) Filters – the kidney 4) Secretes – forms glands Characteristics : 1) Closely attached to each other forming a protective barrier. 2) Always has one free (apical) surface open to outside the body or inside (cavity) an internal organ. 3) Always had one fixed (basal) section attached to underlying connective tissue. 4) Has no blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood vessels in connective tissue underneath. 5) Can have lots of nerves in it (innervated). 6) Very good at regenerating (fixing itself). i.e. sunburn, skinned knee. Classifications (types): 1) By shape a) 扁平squamous - flat and scale-like b) 立方cuboidal - as tall as they are wide c) 柱状columnar - tall, column-shaped 2) By cell arrangement a) 单层simple epithelium - single layer of cells (usually for absorption and filtration) b) 复层stratified epithelium - stacked up call layers (protection from abrasion (rubbing) - mouth, skin.) Functions (jobs): 1) Wraps around and cushions and protects organs 2) Stores nutrients 3) Internal support for organs 4) As tendon and ligam