民主与民主化-东吴大学.DOCVIP

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 6 2009『人權與民主』第九講 民主與民主化（二） 游盈隆 東吳大學教授 2009/6/4 Source：1. Robert A. Dahl (1971) Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. 2. Jack Donnelly (2002) Democracy, Development and Human Rights. 3. Georg Sorensen (1993) Democracy and Democratization. 4. Amartya Sen (1998) Development As Freedom. 5. Guillermo O’Donnell and Phillipe C. Schmitter (1986) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies. 6. Austin Ranney (1996) Governing: an Introduction to Political Science. 課程回顧 民主與民主化 Key concepts: 政府的類型、君主政體、貴族政體、立憲民主、暴君政體、寡頭政體、暴民政體、多元民主政體、政治民主、三大機會、形成喜好、傳達喜好、政府平等處理不同喜好、八個制度保障、自由化、民主化、公開的競爭、普遍的參與、公民與政治自由。 今日的中心關懷與問題 自由的選舉、統治菁英、反對菁英、容忍的成本、鎮壓的成本、競爭性政治體系、二次民主轉型、社會民主、福利民主、社會主義民主 自由的選舉(Free Elections) 『沒有自由的選舉，就沒有民主』 “No free elections, no democracy.” Austin Ranney (1996): 自由選舉的八個基本特徵： 定期選舉 (Regular Elections): Elections must take place regularly and with reasonable frequency within proscribed time limits and may not be postponed indefinitely by public officials whenever they wish. 有意義的選擇 (Meaningful Choices) To exercise effective control of public officials, voters must have a choice between at least two candidates for each office to be filled. (兩個以上候選人，以及兩種可分辨不同的政見主張) 人民有推出候選人的自由 (Freedom to Put Forth Candidates) All citizens have the opportunity to form political parties and put forth candidates. 人民有知的自由以及討論選擇的自由 （Freedom to Know and Discuss the Choices） If two candidates for an office are allowed to run but only one is permitted to make public speeches or have his or her name on the ballot, then he or she is effectively the only candidates. There must be full freedom for all candidates and their supporters to publicize their names and policy positions so that the voters can hear what they have to say. 甚至有人因而主張應採公費選舉、免費媒體時間等等以示公平。 成人普遍選舉權 (Universal Adult Suffrage) All adult citizens have the right to vote. 成年的定義為何？考慮十八歲公民權問題。 每人一票，每票等值(Equal Weighting of Votes) Political equality(政治平等), which is th