体育竞赛的仪式过程分析-Core.PDF

第17卷第10期 体 育 学 刊 Vol.17 No.10 2010 年 10 月 Journal of Physical Education O c t . 2 0 1 0 体育竞赛的仪式过程分析 谭红春7 （厦门大学 体育教学部，福建厦门 361005 ） 摘 要：借助“通过仪式”理论，对仪式与体育的关系进行了分析，认为体育竞赛的全过程 是一个典型的通过仪式，其“训练－比赛－再训练”的结构与仪式的“分离(前阈限) －过渡( 阈限) －整合(后阈限)”的三段式结构相契合。在这 3 个阶段中体育也彰显出不同的社会文化功能：前 阈限时期，超常的艰苦训练被赋予某种神圣性，促成了运动员从“人”到“神”的转变，是塑造 成功运动员的必要条件；阈限时期，比赛创造了一个有别于世俗世界的“神圣空间”，运动员得以 在这个“公平、公正、公开”的理想世界里实现自我，观众则得以体验集体狂欢；后阈限时期， 比赛分出了高下，运动员的社会角色发生变换，随之开始反思与超越。运动员正是在仪式般“训 练－比赛－再训练”的轮回中历练与成熟。 关 键 词：体育人类学；体育竞赛；仪式；阈限 中图分类号：G80-05 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-7116(2010)10-0032-05 Analysis of the ritual process of sports competitions TAN Hong-chun （Departmen of Physical Education，Xiamen University ，Xiamen 361005 ，China ） Abstract: By means of the “rites of passage” theory, the author analyzed the relations between rite and sport, and put forward the following opinions: the whole process of sports competitions can be deemed as a typical rite of pas- sage, and its “training-competition-retraining” structure corresponds with such a 3-stage structure of rites as “sepa- ration (pre-limen)-transition (limen)-integration (post-limen)”; in these 3 stages, sport also presents different social and cultural functions: in the pre-limen period, extraordinarily hard training is endowed with a certain sort of holi- ness, which promotes the transformation of athletes from “human” to “god”, being a necessary condition for making successful athletes; in the limen period, competitions create a “holy world” different from the earthly world, in