生化英文名词解释.doc

名词解释 Glossary 第一章 蛋白质的结构与功能 Chapter 1? Structure and Function of Protein peptide bond（肽键）：a covalent bond linking the α- amino group of one amino acid and theα-carboxyl group of another in a protein molecule. peptide（肽）：a molecule containing two or more amino acids linked by peptide bond. primary structure of protein（蛋白质的一级结构）：the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. secondary structure of protein（蛋白质的二级结构）：the spatial arrangement of local portions of a polypeptide chain. tertiary structure of protein（蛋白质的三级结构）：the spatial arrangement of all the atoms of a protein or a subunit. quaternary structure of protein（蛋白质的四级结构）：the spatial arrangement of a protein that consists of more than one folded polypeptide chain or subunit. subunit（亚基）：an individual polypeptide chain that associates with one or more separate chains to form a complete protein. motif（模序）：a substructure formed with two or more secondary-structure peptide segments that are drawn close to each other. domain（结构域）：a region within a protein, particularly within a large polypeptide, that functions in a semi-independent manner. positive cooperativity（正协同效应）：an effect that the binding of one ligand to a protein facilitates the subsequent ligand binding. allosteric effect（变构效应）：an effect that a small molecule, called an effector, noncovalently binds to a protein and alters its activity. isoelectric point（pI）of protein （蛋白质的等电点）：the pH at which a protein has an equal number of positive and negative charges and hence bears no net charge. denaturation of protein（蛋白质变性）： the disruption of the natively folded structure of a protein caused by exposure to heat, radiation, or chemicals, or change in pH, that leads to an alteration of chemical, physical and biological properties of the protein. 第二章 核酸的结构与功能 Chapter 2? Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid denaturation of DNA（DNA的变性）：the disruption of the native conformation of DNA by separation of the DNA double helix into its two component strands, due to heat, chemica