第一章 临床流行病学绪论 临床流行病学 课件.pptVIP

第一章 临床流行病学绪论 北京协和医学院 李立明 * * 下图就是1954年使用的疫苗小瓶（Vials of polio vaccine, 1954 ） SALK, Jonas Edward (1914–95), American physician and epidemiologist, who developed the first vaccine against POLIOMYELITIS. Born in New York City, Salk received an M.D. from New York University in 1939 and was appointed assistant professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan. In 1947 he became head of the virus research laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh and was later research professor of bacteriology (1949–54), professor of preventive medicine and chairman of the department (1954–56), and professor of experimental medicine (1957–63). Salk’s work in the 1940s on an anti-influenza vaccine led him and his colleagues to develop an inactivated vaccine against polio in 1952. After successful wide-scale testing in 1954, the vaccine was distributed nationally and greatly reduced the disease. In the mid-1950s the American virologist Albert Sabin developed an oral, attenuated (live), vaccine, which with Salk’s discovery brought polio under control. In 1963 Salk became fellow and director of the Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, Calif., later called the Salk Institute. Salk also conducted research into the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). What followed was massive testing of the vaccine in clinical trials in the United States and parts of Canada, begun in 1954. The scope of the trials was unprecedented in medical history. The results were dramatic. Cases of polio fell spectacularly in the vaccinated test groups. In 1955, the government quickly granted permission for the vaccine to be distributed to the children of our country. But, there was a problem with the original Salk vaccine. The vaccine actually induced 260 cases of poliomyelitis, including 10 deaths. The problem was traced to incomplete inactivation of some virus particles, which was soon corrected. Since then the vaccine has been highly effective, with a 70 - 90% protection rate.