PCA-LDA-Case-Studies--PCA-LDA学习.ppt

* Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Problems in face recognition: Background (de-emphasize the outside of the face – e.g., by multiplying the input image by a 2D Gaussian window centered on the face) Lighting conditions (performance degrades with light changes) Scale (performance decreases quickly with changes to head size) multi-scale eigenspaces scale input image to multiple sizes Orientation (performance decreases but not as fast as with scale changes) plane rotations can be handled out-of-plane rotations are more difficult to handle * Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Dataset 16 subjects 3 orientations, 3 sizes 3 lighting conditions, 6 resolutions (512x512 ... 16x16) Total number of images: 2,592 * Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Experiment 1 Used various sets of 16 images for training One image/person, taken under the same conditions Classify the rest images as one of the 16 individuals 7 eigenfaces were used No rejections (i.e., no threshold on difs) Performed a large number of experiments and averaged the results: 96% correct averaged over light variation 85% correct averaged over orientation variation 64% correct averaged over size variation * Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Experiment 2 Considered rejections (i.e., by thresholding difs) There is a tradeoff between correct recognition and rejections. Adjusting the threshold to achieve 100% recognition accuracy resulted in: 19% rejections while varying lighting 39% rejections while varying orientation 60% rejections while varying size Experiment 3 Reconstruction using partial information * Principal Component Analysis (PCA) PCA and classification PCA is not always an optimal dimensionality-reduction procedure for classification purposes. Multiple classes and PCA Suppose there are C classes in the training data. PCA is based on the sample covariance which characterizes the scatter of the entire data set, irrespective of class-membership. The projection axes chosen by PCA might not provide good discrim