生物技术专业英语2.ppt

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique for reproducing specific DNA sequences in vitro. This process, invented by Kary Mullis in 1987, has been automated for routine use in laboratories world wide. The process is carried out within a machine called thermocycler, and it can produce millions or billions of copies of a piece of DNA in a few hours. 聚合酶链式反应（PCR）是一种体外复制特异DNA序列的技术。Kary Müllis在1987年发明的这项技术已经自动化，并在世界上各个实验室中常规使用。此过程是在称为热循环仪（thermocycler）中进行的。它在数小时内，就可将一段DNA复制成数百万甚至数十亿个考贝。 The sequence of PCR involves the following steps: A: The DNA to be reproduced is heated to separate the two template strands. B: Two primers which are complimentary to the region to be amplified are added. C: A heat-stable DNA polymerase enzyme is also added. The enzyme catalyses the extension of the primers, using the DNA strand as template. D: The cycle is repeated, with the newly synthesized double stranded DNA being heat-denatured and the enzymes extending the primers attached to the liberated single DNA strands. PCR的涉及的步骤如下： A：加热待扩增的DNA以分开两条模板链； B：加入与扩增区段互补的两个引物； C：同时加入热稳定的DNA聚合酶。此酶利用DNA链作模板，催化引物的延伸； D：新合成的双链DNA又经热变性和结合在单链DNA上的引物的酶促延伸，此循环重复进行。 The chain reaction, once set up, results in the exponential amplification of the original DNA, where the number of cycles (n) determines how many copies of the DNA (2n) are produced. The amount of amplified target Y=X (1+efficiency)n, where X is the input copy number and n the number of cycles. 此种链式反应，一旦建立，就会导致原初DNA的指数式扩增。循环数n决定了产生的DNA的考贝数（2n）. 扩增目标的量Y =X（1 +扩增效率）n, 其中X为输入考贝量。 A PCR reaction is comprised of: (1) a double-stranded DNA molecule: this is the template which contains the sequence to be amplified. (2) primer (s): this is a single-stranded DNA molecule which can anneal (bind) to a DNA sequence in the template DNA which has the complementary sequence. (3) dNTPs: a mixture with equal amounts of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP which are the nucleotide subunits which will be put together to form new DNA molecules in the PCR amplific