云南农业大学计算机导论课件Chapter1 Introduction.pptVIP

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE 1.1 THE COMPUTER AS A BLACK BOX DATA PROCESSOR You can think of a computer as a data processor. Using this definition, a computer acts as a black box that accepts input data, processes the data, and creates output data. PROGRAMMABLE DATA PROCESSOR This model adds one extra element to the computer: the program. A program is a set of instructions written in a computer language that tells the computer what to do with data. In the new model, the output data depend on the combination of two factors: the input data and the program. 1.2 VON NEUMANN MODEL Every computer today is based on the von Neumann model. It is based on three ideas. FOUR SUBSYSTEMS The model defines a computer as four subsystems: memory, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and input/output. Memory Memory is the storage area. It is where programs and data are stored during processing. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) The ALU is where calculation and logical operations take place. Control Unit The control unit controls the operations of the memory, ALU, and the input/output subsystem. Input/Output The input subsystem accepts input data and the program from outside the computer; the output subsystem sends the result of processing to the outside. STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT The von Neumann model states that the program must be stored in memory. This is totally different from the architecture of early computers in which only the data were stored in memory. Both the data and programs should have the same format because they are stored in memory. They are, in fact, stored as binary patterns (a sequence of 0s and 1s ) in memory. SEQUENTIAL EXECUTION OF INSTRUCTIONS A program in the von Neumann model is made of a finite number of instructions. In this model, the control unit fetches one instruction from memory, interprets it, and then executes it. 1.5 COMPUTER SOFTWARE PROGRAMS MUST BE STORED A SQUENCE OF INSTR