云南农业大学计算机导论课件Chapter7 Operating Systems.pptVIP

A computer is a system made of two major components: hardware and software. Computer hardware is the physical equipment. Software is the collection of programs that allows the hardware to do its job. Computer software is divided into two broad categories: the operating system and application programs. 7.1 DEFINITION An operating system is so complex that is difficult to give a simple universal definition. Instead, here is some common definition: Two major design goals of an operating system are 1. Efficient use of hardware. 2. Easy to use resources. 7.2 EVOLUTION BATCH SYSTEM Operating systems during this era were very simple; they only ensured that all of the resources were transferred from one job to the next. The programmer did not have any control or interaction with the system. TIME-SHARING SYSTEM Resources can be shared between different jobs. Each job can be allocated a portion of time to use the resource. The operating system now had to do scheduling: allocating the resources to different programs and deciding which program should use which resources when. The user could directly interact with the system without going through an operator. PERSONAL SYSTEMS During this era, single- user operating systems such as DOS (disk operating system) were introduced. PARALLEL SYSTEMS Multiple CPUs on the same machine. Each CPU can be used to serve one program, which means that many tasks can be accomplished in parallel instead of serially. DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS A program can be run partially on one computer and partially on another computer if they are connected through an internet work such as the Internet. In addition, resources can be distributed. A program may need files located in different parts of the world. 7.3 COMPONENTS A modern operating system has at least four duties: memory manager, process manager, device manager and file manager. The user interface is responsible for communication outside the