云南农业大学计算机导论课件Chapter6 Computer Networks.pptVIP

6.1 NETWORKS, LARGE AND SMALL A computer network is a combination of systems (e.g., a computer) connected through transmission media (e.g., a wire, a cable, or air). A computer network can span a small, medium, or large geographical area. Respectively called: LAN, MAN and WAN. These three types of networks can also be connected using connecting devices to form an internetwork (or an internet). MODEL AND PROTOCOL A model is the specification set by a standards organization as a guideline for designing networks. A protocol, on the other hand, is a set of rules that controls the interaction of different devices in a network or an internetwork. 6.2 OSI MODEL SEVEN LAYERS FUNCTIONS OF THE LAYERS Physical Layer The physical layer is responsible for transmitting a bit stream over a physical medium. The mechanical and physical specifications of the physical devices are determined by the physical layer. Data-Link Layer The data-link layer organizes bit into logical units called frames. Note that the data-link layer is responsible only for node-to-node delivery of the frame (from one station to another). Network Layer The network layer is responsible for delivery of a packet (the data unit handled by network layer is called a packet) between the original source and final destination. Note that when a packet moves from a source to a desti-nation, the physical address (added at the data-link layer) changes from station to station, but the logical address remains unchanged from the source to the destination. Transport Layer The transport layer is responsible for source-to-destination (end-to-end) delivery of the entire message. The network layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery of individual packets. The transport layer, in contrast, is responsible for end-to-end delivery of the whole message. Session Layer The session layer is designed to control the dialog between users. It establishe