实用动物营养学.pptVIP

Brief introduction to the nutrients Water Accounts for 70% or more of the composition of most plants and animals Water Most vital nutrient ingested May lose 100% of body fat, 50% of body protein and live Lose 10% of body water, dehydration occurs and may result in death Water Most vital nutrient ingested Typically consume 2-4 times more water than dry matter intake Functions Transport of digesta and nutrients Excretion of waste Lubrication, shaping and cushioning Substrate（基质） for chemical reactions Water Sources Drinking water Moisture content of feeds As-fed（实样的） feed intake Dry matter feed intake Metabolic water Water released through chemical reactions at the cell level Metabolic Water 0.6 gram of water produced per gram of carbohydrate metabolized 0.4 gram of water produced per gram of protein metabolized 1.0 gram of water produced per gram of fat metabolized Water Dietary needs Cattle 10-20 gals/day Horses 10-20 gals/day Sheep 1-3 gals/day Swine 1-2 gals/day Poultry 2:1 water: dry feed ratio Water Intake increased by: Warm to hot temperatures High protein levels High salt levels High fiber levels High dry matter intakes Water Normal losses: Urine Feces Lungs Skin surface Milk Water Quality Good water quality = Less than 0.25% dissolved solids Can measurably affect feed consumption and performance May reduce palatability or even may be toxic due to levels of heavy metals Carbohydrates Primary nutrient component of livestock feeds Structural and energy reserve of plants 70-80% of dry matter of plants are carbohydrates Less than 1% of animal composition Blood glucose Muscle glycogen Carbohydrates Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen = 1:2:1 ratio Classifications Monosaccharides - Glucose, Fructose Disaccharides - Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose Polysaccharides - Starch, Cellulose Carbohydrates Starch Non-structural or non-fibrous polysaccharide Extensively digested Enzymatic or microbial digestion Carbohydrates Cellulose Structural or Fibrous polysaccha