益生菌与婴幼儿健康.pptVIP

* * * * * Optional Speaker Notes: By definition, a probiotic should be non-pathogenic. Although any organism can be pathogenic in nature, the best-studied probiotics are expected not to cause disease in the host. Probiotics need to be viable in the product in which they are consumed. Therefore, they need to be resistant to the technical processing prior to consumption. Probiotics should remain viable after passage through the stomach and the small bowel, and therefore need to be resistant to gastric acid and bile digestion. Until recently, some considered “being of human origin” as a necessary characteristic for a bacterium to be considered a probiotic. That is no longer the case. In general, to have an effect, a probiotic bacterium needs to transiently colonize the intestinal epithelium. Once the intestinal flora of the host is well-established, the oral intake of bacteria will modify the composition of the flora and may have the various immunologic effects; however once consumption stops, the quantities of the specific probiotic species being ingested will decrease and most often disappear. Therefore, for maintaining its probiotic effects, most of these bacteria need to be consumed regularly and consistently. Most importantly, a probiotic bacterium can only be called a probiotic if a benefit to the host has been demonstrated. Not all bacteria that are ingested and survive digestion are necessarily probiotics. * * * * Optional Speaker Notes: Environmental changes in the industrialized world, as well as changes of life style in western societies, and medicine, have reduced the extent of microbial contact at an early age. These changes affect the initial establishment of the microflora. The hygiene hypothesis, first proposed by Strachan in 1989, offered, in part, an explanation to the increasing prevalence of atopic conditions. The idea was based on epidemiological observations, suggesting an inverse correlation between family size a