《生理学》CHAPTER II ENDOCRINE SYSTEM-2.pptVIP

Section 3 Thyroid Gland General organization ? the first endocrine gland to be recognized by those symptoms associated with excess or deficient function ? consists of two lobes, one on each side of trachea below cricoids cartilage(环状软骨) ? Lobes are composed of spherical follicles formed by a single layer of epithelial cells that surround a lumen filled with a gel-like substance called colloid(胶质) composed of thyroglobulin(TG), the precursor（前体）of thyroid hormones ? thyroid epithelial cells secrete thyroid hormones (T4，T3) and synthesize TG ? parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin, CT,降钙素 Thyroid Hormones( TH) TH including thyroxin(T4),3,5,3’,5’-triiodothyronine(T3) and rT3(逆－三碘甲腺原氨酸)（no biological activity）(Fig 11-15) Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones Iodine is required for formation of thyroxin About 500mg of ingested are required each year; about 1mg/week International standard: 150μg/d To prevent iodine deficiency, salt is iodized with sodium iodide (iodide : NaCl = 1:100,000) Absorbed from gastrointestinal tract in the same manner as chloride Synthesis and secretion of TH include 4 stages (1)Iodide Trapping(碘捕获) Uptake of iodide ions (Iˉ) from the blood by epithelial cells of the follicle via an active transport system that co-transports Na+ ions into the cell transport of iodine including 2 steps ① at basal membrane, transported actively into cell against electrical-chemical gradient by a sodium-iodide symportor(钠－碘同向转运体，也称Na＋－I-泵) Iˉ concentration inside thyroid gland is 20～25 times than in the blood The resting membrane potential of epithelia cell is about -40~-50mV Na+-I- pump requires energy provided by Na+-K+-ATPase ATP →Na+-K+-ATPase activity↑→ extracellular Na+↑ →Na+ diffuse inside↑ →Iˉ transported by Na+-Iˉ pump↑ (I iodine: 2 Na+-contransport,协同转运) ②Some ions: ClO4ˉ,SCNˉ,NO3ˉ: to compete against Iˉ transport ③TSH: to stimulate and hypophysectomy greatly diminishes the activity of iodide pump. -131I be used to test ability of iodide trapping