第一节绪论 第二节 植物细胞的生长分化.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Tracings of the wild type and mutant epidermis showing effects of loss-of-function mutations in the speechless, mute, fama, four lips, and myb88 loci and in the MAP kinase pathway and the effect of overexpression of the SPEECHLESS, MUTE, and FAMA genes and constitutively active kinases Structural model for the binding of bHLH transcription factors to DNA (A) Since 1 turn of double helix DNA is approximately 34 ? and requires 10.4 nucleotides, 1 EE-element, which consists of 12 nucleotides, spans 39.2 ? (34/10.4 × 12). (B) Two binding faces form a 55.8-degree angle (360/10.4 × 12–360). (C) The maximum dimension of the bHLH structure, which lies along the DNA, is about 32 ?, which is within the 39 ? calculated above and allows the binding. Green indicates a hetero complex of transcription factors such as BMAL1 and CLOCK; and light blue, unknown factors. Nakahata et al. BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:1 ?  位置效应（positional effect） 指细胞在器官和组织中的位置影响甚至决定其分化方向和生理功能 花叶常春藤 Ivy variegation Chlorophyll deficiency chimeras L1 – epidermis L2 – part of the mesophyll and vasculature L3 – central core of the leaf Ficus rubiginosa ‘Variegata’ 斑叶锈毛榕 Tracing of a leaf section with arrows showing how periclinal cell division originating from the multiseriate epidermis (E) could form the bundle sheath extensions in Ficus rubiginosa. Anticlinal cell division (arrowed) could then lead to development of chlorophyllous patches in otherwise achlorophyllous L2-derived palisade or spongy mesophyll tissue. The epidermal layers and the vascular bundle sheath cells in this species have few chloroplasts and appear colourless even if they have the potential for normal chlorophyll content 中柱鞘细胞的位置效应 Cell to Cell Communication Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 5, 712-726 (September 2004) | a | Longitudinal section of an Arabidopsis tha